Arabic Music

Arabic music is a rich and diverse genre that encompasses a wide range of styles and traditions from various countries in the Arab world. It is characterized by its use of complex rhythms and melodies, as well as its incorporation of traditional instruments such as the oud, qanun, and nay (or ney). Arabic music is also known for its use of improvisation and its emphasis on the vocal performance. Some of the most well-known Arabic music styles include classical Arabic music, Egyptian pop, and Lebanese pop.

Because Arabic music is a rich and diverse and encompasses many different styles and forms, it is found in many countries across the Arab world. Here are a few examples of countries where Arabic music is particularly popular and influential:

Egypt: Known as the “cradle of Arabic music,” Egypt has a long and rich history of Arabic music. From classical and traditional forms such as Andalusian and classical Arabic music, to more modern and popular styles such as shaabi and pop.

Lebanon: Lebanese music is known for its diversity and has been influenced by a variety of cultures, including Arabic, Mediterranean, and Western. Lebanese music is particularly known for its rich vocal traditions, as well as its use of the oud and the qanun.

Algeria: Algerian music is known for its blend of traditional Berber and Arabic music, as well as its incorporation of elements of African and Western music. Chaabi and Rai are two of the most popular genres in Algeria.

Iraq: Iraq has a rich and diverse musical heritage, and its music has been influenced by a variety of cultures, including Arabic, Persian, and Turkish. The most popular genres in Iraq are traditional music, such as maqam and classical Arabic music, as well as modern pop and hip-hop.

Syria: Syrian music is known for its rich vocal traditions, and its use of the oud, qanun, and the nay. Traditional genres such as classical Arabic music and dabke are popular in Syria, as well as more modern styles like pop and hip-hop.

Morocco: Moroccan music is known for its blend of traditional Berber, Arabic, and African influences. Gnawa music, which is a traditional form of music that originated in sub-Saharan Africa, is particularly popular in Morocco.

These are just a few examples of countries where Arabic music is particularly popular and influential, but Arabic music is found in many other countries across the Arab world, including Tunisia, Oman, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain.

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Pitch in Arabic Music

In Arabic music, scales and melodies are based on a system of modes called maqamat. The maqam system is an integral part of Arabic music, and different maqamat are used to create different moods and emotions in the music.

Some of the most commonly used maqamat in Arabic music include:

• Hijaz: characterized by its use of a raised fourth scale degree and a lowered seventh scale degree, this maqam is often used in religious and spiritual music.
• Rast: characterized by its use of a natural fourth and seventh scale degrees and a neutral third scale degree, this maqam is considered to be the most basic and fundamental maqam in Arabic music and is often used in folk and popular music.
• Bayati: characterized by its use of a lowered second scale degree and a raised fourth scale degree, this maqam is considered to be one of the most popular and widely-used maqamat in Arabic music and is often used in romantic and melancholic music.

• Saba: characterized by its use of a neutral third scale degree, a lowered sixth scale degree, and a raised seventh scale degree, this maqam is often used in music that is meant to convey a sense of longing or nostalgia.
• Nahawand: characterized by its use of a lowered third scale degree, a lowered sixth scale degree, and a lowered seventh scale degree, this maqam is often used in music that is meant to convey a sense of sadness or sorrow.
• Kurd: characterized by its use of a neutral third scale degree, a raised fourth scale degree, and a raised sixth scale degree, this maqam is often used in music that is meant to convey a sense of joy and celebration.

These are just a few examples of the many different maqamat used in Arabic music. Each maqam has its own unique characteristics and is used to create a specific emotional or musical effect.

Maqam, as mentioned, is a system of melodic modes used in traditional Arabic music. Each maqam has its own set of melodic rules and characteristics, and musicians use them as the basis for improvisation and composition. The maqam system is like the Western concept of a key or mode, but it has many more variations and subtleties. It is an important element of Arabic music and is used in various genres such as classical Arabic music, pop and folk music.

MICROTONES

Microtones and quarter tones are important elements in Arabic music, and they refer to the use of notes that fall between the traditional Western semitones.

In Arabic music, the traditional system of tuning includes 24 quarter tones or microtones, which are used to create a wider range of pitch than the Western 12-note system. This allows for the expression of different emotions and moods, and it adds to the overall richness and complexity of Arabic music.

The use of microtones and quarter tones is particularly important in traditional Arabic vocal music, where it is used to create the complex and emotive melodies associated with Arabic music. For example, in classical Arabic music, maqam, the use of microtones and quarter tones is essential to the expression of the different modes or scales.

Instrumental music also makes use of quarter tones, particularly in traditional instruments like the oud, qanun, and nay. These instruments are constructed and tuned to produce microtones, which is an essential aspect of the Arabic music.

The use of microtones and quarter tones in Arabic music varies depending on the region, the genre, and the artist. Some contemporary Arabic music may not use them as extensively as traditional music does, but they are still an important aspect of Arabic music and are widely used in traditional forms.

Timbre and Instruments in Arabic Music

There are many traditional musical instruments used in Arabic music, each with its own unique sound and history. Some of the most used instruments include:

• Oud: a pear-shaped stringed instrument that is the national instrument of several Arab countries. It has a distinctive deep and warm sound and is often used as a solo instrument or as the lead instrument in an ensemble.
• Qanun: a plucked string instrument that is like a zither or dulcimer. It has many strings stretched over a trapezoidal soundboard and is played with small plectrums attached to the fingers.
• Nay: a cylindrical flute made from reed or bamboo. It is one of the oldest instruments in Arabic music and has a clear and high-pitched sound.
• Riq: a small tambourine with jingles, which is used to provide the main rhythm in Arabic music.
• Darbuka: a hand-held drum that is played with the fingers. It is also known as a goblet drum and has a distinct sharp sound.
• Buzuq: a long-necked lute with a pear-shaped body, which is mostly used in the Eastern Mediterranean and Egypt.
• Kanun: a plucked string instrument that is similar to the qanunbut it is mostly used in Turkey, Greece, and the Middle East.
• Violin: it is considered as a modern instrument, but it’s widely used in Arabic music mainly in the classical genre.

These are just a few examples of the many traditional instruments used in Arabic music. Each country in the Arab world also has its own unique instruments and traditions.

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Texture in Arabic Music

Heterophony is a musical technique where multiple musicians or singers perform the same melody simultaneously, but with slight variations in rhythm, melody or ornamentation. This technique is commonly used in Arabic music and it creates a rich, complex and layered sound.

Heterophony is often used in ensemble performances, particularly in traditional Arabic music, where multiple musicians will play or sing the same melody on different instruments or at different registers. This can include different variations in rhythm, melody and ornamentation, which creates a rich, complex and layered sound.

Heterophony is also commonly found in Arabic vocal music, particularly in traditional forms such as Qawwali and Sufi music. In these styles, multiple singers will sing the same melody in harmony, often using variations in rhythm, melody, and ornamentation to create a rich and complex sound.

This technique is also used in Arabic instrumental music, particularly in traditional forms such as maqam music where multiple instruments play the same melody with slight variations.

Heterophony is an essential element in Arabic music, it creates a sense of improvisation and spontaneity, which is an important aspect of Arabic music. It also allows for the expression of different emotions and moods, and it adds to the overall richness and complexity of Arabic music. The use of heterophony varies depending on the genre, the artists, and the cultural context. It’s more commonly found in traditional Arabic music, but it can also be found in more contemporary forms of Arabic music.

Form in Arabic Music

Taqasim is a form of improvisation in traditional Arabic music that is based on the maqam system. It is often performed on an instrumental solo, such as the oud or qanun, and typically involves the musician improvising a melody over a fixed harmonic progression. The goal of a taqasim is to showcase the musician’s skill and mastery of the maqam system, and to take the listener on a musical journey through the different melodic and emotional possibilities of the chosen maqam. It is a common element in Arabic classical music and is considered a high art form.

In traditional Arabic music, improvisation and composition are closely intertwined. The maqam system provides a foundation for both improvisation and composition, with each maqam having its own set of melodic rules and characteristics. Musicians use these rules as a basis for creating new melodies, both in the moment during improvisation and in the more deliberate process of composition.

Improvisation is a central element in Arabic music, particularly in instrumental solo performances such as the taqasim. Musicians use their knowledge of the maqam system to create new melodies on the spot, often building on a pre-existing melody or rhythm. Improvisation is considered a high art form, and skilled improvisers are highly respected in Arabic music.

Composition, on the other hand, is a more deliberate process in which musicians create new melodies and songs. Composers often draw on the maqam system to create a specific emotional or structural framework for their compositions. Many traditional Arabic songs are passed down through oral tradition and are passed on from one generation to the next.

In both improvisation and composition, Arabic music emphasizes the use of melody, rhythm, and ornamentation to convey emotion and express personal feeling.

Genres in Arabic Music

There are many different genres of Arabic music, each with its own unique characteristics and influences. Some of the most well-known and widely practiced genres include:

• Classical Arab music: also known as “Arab art music,” this genre is characterized by its complex rhythms and melodies, as well as its use of traditional instruments such as the oud, qanun, and nay. It is the foundation of all Arab music and has a long history dating back to the medieval period.
• Raqs Sharqi: also known as “belly dance music,” this genre originated in Egypt and is characterized by its use of a steady drumbeat and its emphasis on the rhythm of the dance.
• Andalusian classical music: This genre is influenced by the music of the Moors in Al-Andalus (Medieval Iberian Peninsula) and has a strong emphasis on the use of melody and rhythm.
• Gulf music: this genre is characterized by its use of the oudand the traditional percussion instrument “Tabl” and has a strong influence from the Bedouin culture.
• Pop music: this genre is popular across the Arab world and is characterized by its incorporation of Western elements such as electric guitars and drums.
• Sufi music: this genre has its roots in the spiritual and mystical practices of Islam and is characterized by its use of devotional poetry and its emphasis on the emotional and spiritual aspects of music.
• Shaabi: is a genre of Egyptian popular music that traces its roots to the working-class urban areas of Cairo and has a strong influence from the local culture and dialect.
• Bedouin music: This genre is mostly from the bedouin culture and characterized by its use of the oud, Tabl and the use of poetry that reflects the Bedouin’s way of life and culture.
• Chaabi: This genre is mostly from the Maghreb region (Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco) and characterized by its use of the guembri (a type of lute) and the use of poetry that reflects the social issues and people’s daily life.

These are just a few examples of the many different genres of Arabic music. Each country in the Arab world also has its own unique styles and traditions.

RAP and HIP HOP

Rap and hip-hop are relatively new genres in the Arabic music scene, but they have been gaining popularity in recent years. Arabic rap and hip-hop have their roots in the Western genre, but they have been adapted to reflect the culture and experiences of Arab youth.

One of the main characteristics of Arabic rap and hip-hop is its use of colloquial Arabic, which is often mixed with elements of foreign languages, particularly English. This reflects the reality of the Arab youth who use a mix of languages in their daily lives.

Rap and hip-hop in the Arab world often address issues such as poverty, unemployment, and political oppression, which are relevant to many young people in the region. The lyrics often express frustration with the political and social conditions and voice the aspirations of the youth for a better future.

Rap and hip-hop artists in the Arab world have faced many challenges, including censorship, lack of support from the music industry, and limited exposure. However, many artists continue to produce music and gain a following through the internet and social media.

Arabic rap and hip-hop music is still a niche in the Arabic music industry and not as widely accepted as traditional Arabic music, but it is becoming more popular among the youth and gaining more acceptance.

Arabic hip-hop and rap is a genre that has been growing in popularity in recent years. This genre is characterized by its use of colloquial Arabic and often addresses themes of social and political issues in the Arab world.

POPULAR MUSIC

Popular Arabic music encompasses a wide range of styles and genres, including traditional and modern forms. Some of the most popular styles of Arabic music include:

• Raqs Sharqi (also known as belly dance music) is a genre of Arabic music that originated in Egypt and is characterized by its fast-paced rhythms and melodic lines.
• Classical Arabic music is a traditional genre that is characterized by its complex rhythms and intricate melodies. It is performed on a variety of instruments, including the oud(lute), qanun (zither), and nay (flute).
• Pop Arabic music, also known as Khaleeji pop or Gulf pop is a modern genre that has become increasingly popular in the Arab world in recent years. This genre is characterized by its catchy melodies, simple lyrics, and use of electronic instruments.
• Shaabi music is a popular genre of music from Egypt that has roots in traditional folk music. It is characterized by its simple lyrics and upbeat rhythms and is often associated with lower-class neighborhoods and working-class people.

These are some of the most popular genres of Arabic music, but there are many other styles and sub-genres that are popular in different regions of the Arab world.

FOLK MUSIC

Folk Arabic music, also known as traditional Arabic music, is a genre of Arabic music that has its roots in the traditional culture and customs of the Arab people. It encompasses a wide range of styles and sub-genres and is characterized by its use of traditional instruments and its focus on the oral tradition.  Folk Arabic music is often divided into regional styles, each with its own distinct characteristics and instrumentation. Some popular regional styles of folk Arabic music include:

Andalusian music, which originated in the Iberian Peninsula and is characterized by its use of the oud (lute) and qanun (a zither)

Gulf music, which is popular in the Gulf states and is characterized by its use of the oud and the nay (flute)

Bedouin music, which is popular among the Bedouin people of the Arabian Peninsula and is characterized by its use of the rababa (fiddle) and the mizmar (oboe)

Sudanese music, which is popular in Sudan and is characterized by its use of the tambour (drum) and the ardin (harp).

Egyptian music, which is characterized by its use of the oud, the qanun, and the tabla (drum).

Folk Arabic music is often performed at traditional events such as weddings, celebrations and religious ceremonies and it is usually passed down through generations through oral tradition. Folk Arabic music is an important part of Arab culture and it’s still widely popular in many regions of the Arab world.

ARTISTS

There are many famous artists in Arabic music, from the classical and traditional to the modern and contemporary. Here are a few examples of some of the most well-known and influential Arabic musicians:

Umm Kulthum, also known as “The Voice of Egypt,” was one of the most famous and influential Arabic singers of the 20th century. She was known for her powerful voice and emotive performances, and her music continues to be widely popular in the Arab world.

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Fairuz, is a Lebanese singer and actress considered as one of the most famous and enduring singers in the Arab world. Her music often reflects the social and political changes in the Middle East over the past several decades.

Abdel Halim Hafez, was an Egyptian singer, actor, and one of the most popular and enduring icons of Arabic music. He was known for his emotive performances and powerful voice.

Amr Diab, is an Egyptian singer and songwriter who is considered as one of the most successful Egyptian and Arabic pop singers. He is known for his blend of Western and Arabic music styles and helped to introduce a new genre of music, known as “Mediterranean Music”.

Cheb Khaled, is an Algerian musician, singer and songwriter who is considered as one of the most popular and influential artists in the Arab world. He is known for his blend of traditional Algerian music with modern pop and rock.

Nancy Ajram, is a Lebanese singer and actress who has become one of the most successful and influential female singers in the Arab world. She is known for her blend of pop and traditional Arabic music, and her music videos have been widely popular on the internet.

These are just a few examples of some of the most famous and influential Arabic musicians. There are many other artists from different regions and styles of Arabic music who have made significant contributions to the genre and continue to influence the music industry.

Issues

NOTATION

Notation, as you already know, is a system used to represent music through the use of written symbols, and it is used in many different musical traditions, including Arabic music.

In Arabic music, written notation is used to document and preserve traditional melodies, rhythms, and forms. The use of notation in Arabic music has a long history, dating back to the 19th century when it was first introduced by European musicians and musicologists who were studying and documenting traditional Arabic music.

The most common form of notation used in Arabic music is the solfeggio system, which uses the letters of the alphabet to represent different notes. This system is similar to the Western solfeggio system, and it is used to notate the melody and rhythm of Arabic music.

Another system used to notate Arabic music is the maqam notation system, which is used to notate the complex melodies and rhythms of traditional Arabic music. This system uses a combination of letters and symbols to represent different notes and rhythms.

The use of notation in Arabic music varies depending on the region, genre, and context. While notation is widely used in classical and traditional forms of Arabic music, it is less commonly used in more contemporary forms of Arabic music. Also, not all Arabic music is written down, traditional music is often passed down through oral tradition and improvisation is an important aspect of Arabic music.

TEACHING

The teaching and pedagogy of Arabic music is typically based on the transmission of knowledge and skills from master to student through a combination of oral and written instruction.  Traditionally, the study of Arabic music has been based on the master-student relationship, where a student would study with a master musician and learn through observation, imitation, and practice. This approach is still used in many traditional music schools and conservatories.  In recent years, there has been a shift towards more formalized and structured methods of teaching Arabic music, particularly in universities and conservatories. This often includes the use of written notation and instructional materials, as well as the incorporation of Western music theory and pedagogy.  The teaching and learning of Arabic music can also include the study of different aspects of the music, such as history, theory, performance practice, and the use of different instruments.  In addition to formal education, many people learn Arabic music informally through participation in community music groups, or by learning from family members and friends.  Regardless of the approach, the teaching and pedagogy of Arabic music often emphasizes the importance of maintaining the traditional techniques and forms while also encouraging experimentation and innovation.  Thus the teaching and pedagogy of Arabic music can vary depending on the region, cultural context and the level of education, and that the traditional approach is still widely used especially in countries where there is less access to formal education.

The transmission and preservation of Arabic music is an ongoing process that involves passing down knowledge, skills, and traditions from one generation to the next.

Traditionally, the transmission of Arabic music has been based on the master-student relationship, where a student would study with a master musician and learn through observation, imitation, and practice. This approach is still used today, and many musicians continue to learn and pass down traditional techniques and forms through this method.

In addition to the oral tradition, the use of written notation has played an important role in the transmission and preservation of Arabic music. Written notation was developed in the 19th century and has been used to document and preserve traditional melodies, rhythms, and forms.

More recently, technology has also played a role in the preservation of Arabic music. The use of recording technology has allowed for the documentation and preservation of traditional music, and the internet and digital media have made it possible for people all over the world to access and learn about Arabic music.

Another aspect of preservation of Arabic music is the work of Ethnomusicologists and musicologists, who study and document the traditional music of different cultures, including Arabic music. This research helps to understand, appreciate, and preserve the traditional music and its cultural context.

In addition to the above, there are also initiatives from governments, cultural organizations and private initiatives to preserve and promote Arabic music. These include festivals, concerts, competitions, and educational programs that aim to raise awareness about the importance of preserving and promoting Arabic music, and to encourage its practice and study.

Therefore the preservation of Arabic music is an ongoing process and that the transmission and preservation of Arabic music is facing several challenges such as globalization, urbanization, and the influence of Western culture.

ISLAM

Music has a long history within Islam, and it has been an important part of Muslim culture for centuries. However, the relationship between music and Islam has been a complex and sometimes controversial one.

Many Islamic scholars have traditionally held that music is permissible if it does not lead to sinful behavior and is not used in a way that is disrespectful or dishonors God. Some Islamic scholars also believe that music can have spiritual and therapeutic benefits and can be used as a means of drawing closer to God.

On the other hand, some Islamic scholars and conservative Muslims believe that music is haram (forbidden) because it is seen as a distraction from the worship of God and can lead to sinful behavior. They argue that it can be a source of temptation, and that it is not consistent with the teachings of the Quran and the Hadith (the sayings of the Prophet Muhammad).

Sufi music is widely accepted within Islam as it is considered a form of devotional music that is used to invoke the presence of God and to achieve a state of spiritual ecstasy.

In general, the Islamic stance on music varies depending on the interpretation of Islamic teachings and the cultural context. However, it is widely accepted that if music is performed and consumed with moderation and in a respectful manner, it can be considered permissible in Islam.

Quranic recitation refers to the act of reciting or reading the Quran, the central religious text of Islam. Quranic recitation is considered a highly spiritual and devotional practice in Islam and is considered as a way of gaining blessings, forgiveness, and closeness to God. It is also considered a way of gaining knowledge and understanding of the teachings of Islam. Quranic recitation is typically performed in Arabic, the original language of the Quran, and is usually accompanied by the proper pronunciation and intonation of the text, which is known as Tajwid.

The call to prayer, also known as the adhan, is the Islamic call to worship that is recited by the muezzin, the person appointed to lead the call to prayer, to invite Muslims to come to the mosque and perform the congregational prayer (salat). The adhan is recited in Arabic and consists of specific phrases that declare the greatness of God and the importance of prayer.

The call to prayer is recited five times a day, at specific times determined by the Islamic calendar. It is traditionally recited from a minaret, the tower of a mosque, but can also be recited from loudspeakers or other speakers in modern times. The adhan is considered a devotional act of worship and is also meant to remind Muslims of the importance of prayer and devotion throughout the day.

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CENSORSHIP AND FREEDOM OF SPEECH

Censorship and freedom of speech is a significant issue in the Arabic music industry, and many artists have faced censorship and restriction of their work because of their lyrics, themes, and/or videos. In many Arabic countries, the government and religious authorities have significant control over the content of music and other forms of media. This means that music that is deemed to be offensive or in violation of religious or moral values can be banned or censored. Themes such as sex, politics, and criticism of the government are particularly sensitive and can lead to censorship.  Artists who produce music that is critical of the government or that addresses sensitive political or social issues can also face harassment, imprisonment, and even violence. This has led to self-censorship among many artists who avoid discussing certain topics in order to protect themselves and their families. In addition to government censorship, there is also self-censorship among the music industry and media outlets, who avoid promoting or airing music that may be controversial to avoid backlash and negative publicity.  Despite the censorship, many artists and musicians continue to produce music that addresses important social and political issues, using metaphors and symbolism as a way to express their views without getting banned. Some also use the internet and social media to bypass censorship and reach their audience.  It can be said that the level of censorship and control of the music industry varies from one country to another, and that the censorship laws and practices are in constant evolution.

GENDER AND SEXUALITY

In traditional Arabic music, there are distinct gender roles and expectations placed on men and women. Historically, men have typically been the primary performers and creators of Arabic music, while women have played a more limited role. Men are typically considered to be the primary vocalists and instrumentalists and are often the ones who perform in public and on stage. They are also often the ones who compose and arrange music. On the other hand, women’s participation in Arabic music has typically been more restricted. In some traditional societies, women were not allowed to perform in public or on stage, and their participation in music was generally limited to singing in private or at home.  However, in recent years there has been a change in this paradigm, and more and more women are becoming involved in Arabic music as performers, composers, and producers. This trend is particularly seen in the Gulf countries, where women are breaking the traditional barriers and making a name for themselves in the music industry.  There are many examples of women who have been successful in the Arabic music scene, despite the traditional gender roles.

Sexual themes and references have long been present in Arabic music, but the way they are expressed, and the level of explicitness can vary depending on the cultural, social, and historical context.  In traditional Arabic music, sexual references were often implied through metaphor or symbolism and were not always explicit. However, in recent years there has been a shift towards more explicit sexual themes and references in Arabic music, particularly in pop and hip-hop. This reflects a shift in societal attitudes towards sexuality, and a greater willingness to discuss and express these themes in the public sphere.  However, while some Arabic music may contain explicit sexual content, many Arabic countries still have strict cultural and legal restrictions on such content. This means that sexual themes and references in Arabic music can still be considered controversial and can lead to censorship and backlash.

Finally, the representation of women in Arabic music, particularly in videos and performances, can be highly sexualized and objectifying. This is a reflection of a wider societal issue, and there has been criticism and discussions about the way women are represented in Arabic music and media in general.

In conclusion, the representation of sexuality in Arabic music varies depending on the genre, the artist, and the cultural and societal context. It can range from implicit references in traditional music to more explicit representation in contemporary music, but it’s a topic that is still considered sensitive and controversial in many Arabic countries.

COLONIALISM

Arabic music, like many other cultural forms in the Arab world, has been deeply influenced by European colonialism. During the colonial period, European powers exerted a great deal of control over the region, and their cultural influence was felt in many areas, including music. European military bands and orchestras were often brought in to perform for colonial officials and the local elite, and many Middle Eastern musicians were exposed to European classical music for the first time. Additionally, European music notation and instruments such as the piano and violin were introduced and adopted into Arabic music. As a result, many traditional Arabic music forms have been modified to incorporate elements of European music, and a distinct genre of “Arab classical music” emerged. This genre often features Western-style orchestras and arrangements, and is still popular in the Arab world today.

Colonialism, thus, has had a significant impact on Arabic music. During the colonial period, European powers exerted control over many Arab countries, and their cultural influence was often imposed upon the indigenous population. This included the suppression of traditional music and the promotion of Western-style music. Additionally, many musicians were forced to adopt Western musical instruments and techniques. However, despite these efforts, Arabic music has managed to preserve its traditional elements and continues to evolve and thrive.

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