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General Biology 2 Lab Manual

Open Educational Resource

Department of Biological Sciences

An image depicting the phylogenetic Tree of Life. The tree is depicted as a circle. The root of the tree represents the ancestral lineage, and the tips of the branches represent the descendants of that ancestor. As you move from the root to the tips, you are moving forward in time. Tree legend ranges from Green for Archaea, Purple for Bacteria and Pink for Eukaryota. The tree depicted as circle with branches outword ending with the names of organisms from the three domains of life. Data analysis after (Letunic and Bork 2019), visualization via iTOL https://itol.embl.de. Author Dmitry Brogun.

Dmitry Y. Brogun, Azure N. Faucette, Kristin Polizzotto, Farshad Tamari

This Open Educational Resource Laboratory Manual was funded in part by the OER Grant at the Kingsborough Community College – The City University of New York.

Content hosted at: Manifold CUNY | https://cuny.manifoldapp.org/projects/general-biology-oer-laboratory-manual

CUNY Academic Commons | https://generalbiologyoer.commons.gc.cuny.edu/

 

This publication is licensed under Creative Commons Non-Commercial Share-Alike by Dmitry Y. Brogun, Azure N. Faucette, Kristin Polizzotto, Farshad Tamari

Department of Biological Sciences, Kingsborough Community College, CUNY. Farshad.Tamari@kbcc.cuny.edu , Dmitry.Brogun@kbcc.cuny.edu

Azure.Faucette@kbcc.cuny.edu, Kristin.Polizzotto@kbcc.cuny.edu

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Cover Image: by Dmitry Y. Brogun (CC-BY-NC-SA) data analysis after (Letunic and Bork 2019), visualization via iTOL https://itol.embl.de.

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About the Authors

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A picture containing text, depicting a female with the books on the shelves as a background. Azure N. Faucette received her Ph.D. in the physiology of reproduction from Texas A&M University, College Station. Before becoming a Kingsborough Community College professor, she did post-doctoral research at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University and Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health. Under the guidance of Dr. Kang Chen, she investigated the regulation and function of humoral immunity and B cells in pregnancy and the pathogenesis of preterm birth, which has largely remained a puzzle in reproductive biology for a long time. During that time, Dr. Faucette received the MARC/SRC Travel Award to attend an Advance Course in Immunology; in addition, she received the William Townsend Porter Scholarship and Burroughs Wellome Fund Scholarship to attend the Frontiers of Reproduction Course at the Marine Biology Laboratory in Woodhole, MA. At Kingsborough Community College, she has served as a mentor for both CUNY Research Scholars Program (CRSP), Bridges/CSTEP (Bridge to the Bachelor's Program at Medgar Evers College/ Collegiate Science and Technology Entry Program).

Image depicting a female with the textbooks as a background. Professor Polizzotto is a professor of Biological Sciences at Kingsborough Community College, City University of New York. Since coming to Kingsborough in 2004, she has taught a variety of courses, including general biology, marine biology, and invertebrate biology. She has also mentored many student research projects in marine ecology and marine paleobiology. Prof. Polizzotto holds a BS in Zoology from Brigham Young University and a Ph.D. in Zoology from Cornell University. Her research interests include evolutionary biology and paleobiology, with emphasis on morphological changes in living and extinct marine mollusks. Prof. Polizzotto’s enjoys the challenge of developing activities and resources that engage students and help them to understand the organization and functioning of the biological world for themselves. She hopes that these activities will also help students to hone their skills in scientific inquiry, thus strengthening their foundation for a lifetime of continual discovery.

Image depicting male with trees in a background. Tamari is a molecular geneticist. He received his Masters (M.Sc.), and Ph.D. from the Department of Biology at York University in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. He completed a three-year post-doctoral fellowship in the Department of Human Genetics and Genomic Sciences at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York, and joined the Department of Biological Sciences at Kingsborough Community College in 2009. Currently, Tamari’s research revolves around technical aspects of DNA extraction and its optimization in plants. He also has an interest in pedagogical studies to determine best classroom/lab practices.

Table of Contents

Lab Exercise: Evolution, Geological Time, Primate and Human Evolution, and Molecular

Farshad Tamari, Ph.D.

Figures and text are intended for OER

 

Objectives:

  • Identify major geological and evolutionary events
  • Create a scaled timeline of major evolutionary events and indicate the approximate date of each
  • Calculate the proportion of earth’s history for which various groups of organisms have existed
  • List derived characteristics of primates and humans
  • Distinguish between primitive and advanced characteristics in primate facial and skull bones
  • Analyze evolutionary relationships using molecular (DNA) evidence

I. Geological and Evolutionary Timeline

A. Geological Evolutionary Timeline

Earth is approximately 4600 million years old (equivalent to 4.6 billion years old). The major events of the evolution of life on earth are summarized in Table 1, and together with the exercise that follows are adopted (with modification), from Barrow 2016. For the full article entitled Picturing Evolution through Geologic Time click here.

Major Event Time (million years ago, mya)
Earth forms 4600
Prokaryotes 3400
O2 appearance 2400

License

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Bio Lab Manual Sandbox Copyright © by Rachael Nevins is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

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