Ancient Roman Coin. “Image 12. Ae As – Fonteia ( 114 BCE ).” Coin Sales, 114AD. http://www.ancient-roman-coin.com/fonteia-coins-republic.

BCL Archaeological Support: Specialismen Illustraties. “Image 3. Reconstruction of a Roman Villa Rustica.” Portfolio. Accessed April 3, 2025. http://bcl-support.nl/onze-specialismen/illustraties/id=2/#prettyPhoto.

Camucci, Vincenzo. Image 22. The Assassination of Julius Caesar. 1805. Oil on Canvas, 112 × 195 cm (44 × 76.7 in). Galleria Nazionale d’Arte Moderna e Contemporanea di Roma. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vincenzo_Camuccini,_The_Death_of_Julius_Caesar_(detail).jpg.

Ciccia, Tina. “Image 25. Caupona Restaurant, Pompeii, Italy. Photo by Tina.” Restaurant Review Blog. Our Edible Italy (blog). Accessed April 18, 2025. https://www.ouredibleitaly.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/IMG-20180315-WA0001-copy.jpg.

El Refai, Nour El Deen. Image 29. A Fishing Boat at Dusk in Asyut. Photo by Nour El Deen El Refai. Flickr. n.d. Photo. Flickr. https://www.alrahalah.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Asyut.jpg.

Entwistle, Damian. Image 21. Reconstruction of Ancient Carthage. Representation of the Punic City in the Carthage National Museum. January 11, 2010. originally posted to Flickr as tunis carthage museum representation of city. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carthage_National_Museum_representation_of_city.jpg.

Gagnon, Bernard. Image 28. Aqueduct of Segovia, Spain. Photo by Bernard Gagnon. Wikimedia Commons. September 24, 2009. Photo. Own work. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aqueduct_of_Segovia_08.jpg.

Image 4. Bronze Slave Collar, AD Fourth Century with the Inscription: “Hold Me, lest I Flee, and Return Me to My Master Viventius on the Estate of Callistus”. 1975,0902.6. British Museum; Researchgate. Accessed March 13, 2025. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Bronze-slave-collar-AD-fourth-century-with-the-inscription-hold-me-lest-I-flee-and_fig2_370078339.

Image 11. David Bamber as Cicero in the HBO Miniseries ‘Rome.’  Cicero | HBO Rome Wiki | Fandom. Accessed April 3, 2025. https://hbo-rome.fandom.com/wiki/Cicero.

Image 19. Choregos and Actors. Mosaic from the House of the Tragic Poet (VI.8.3). 1st Century CE. Pompeii. Photo by Marie-Lan Nguyen. Wikimedia Commons. 1st Century CE. Mosaic. Napoli Inv9986. Museo Archeologico Nazionale (Naples). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Choregos_actors_MAN_Napoli_Inv9986.jpg.

Image 20. Denarius of Gaius Cassius Longinus and Lentulus Spinther. 42 BCE – Wikimedia Commons. 42AD. Classical Numismatic Group. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gaius_Cassius_Longinus_and_Lentulus_Spinther._42_BC._AR_Denarius.jpg.

Image 24. Cubiculum (Bedroom) from the Villa of P. Fannius Synistor at Boscoreale, Room M. ca. 50 40AD. Fresco, 8 ft. 8 1/2 in. × 10 ft. 11 1/2 in. × 19 ft. 1 7/8 in. (265.4 × 334 × 583.9 cm). Https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/247017. https://images.metmuseum.org/CRDImages/gr/original/DP170950.jpg.

Image 26. Man and Woman at House of Terentius Neo, Pompeii, House VII, 2, 6. 1st century BCE. Fresco, height: 58 cm (22.8 in) ; width: 53 cm (20.8 in) dimensions QS:P2048,+58U174728dimensions QS:P2049,+53U174728. Inv. nr. 9058. English:  Exhibited in the National Archaeological Museum of Naples in Naples.Italiano:  Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli (inv. nr. 9058). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pompeii-couple.jpg.

Maccari, Cesare. Image 10. Cicero Denounces Catiline. 1889. Fresco. Palazzo Madama. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cicer%C3%B3n_denuncia_a_Catilina,_por_Cesare_Maccari.jpg.

Marten253. Image 17. An Italian Reenactment of the Mīlitēs or Soldiers in 30th Legion, Known as LEGIO XXX ULPIA TRAIANA VICTRIX ONLUS, Rome, 2007. April 22, 2008. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Legione_romana_parata.JPG.

Renata3. Image 8. Seven Hills of Rome, Photo. January 30, 2009. Seven_Hills_of_Rome.svg. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Seven_Hills_of_Rome-it.svg.

Royer, Lionel. Image 18. Vercingetorix Throws down His Arms at the Feet of Julius Caesar. 1899. Oil on Canvas. Musée Crozatier. https://uploads7.wikiart.org/00266/images/lionel-noel-royer/vercingetorix-throws-down-his-arms-at-the-feet-of-julius-caesar-1899-2.jpg!Large.jpg.

Suvée, Joseph-Benoît. Image 9. Cornelia, Mother of the Gracchi, Presenting Her Children and Saying: “Here Are My Treasures.” 1795. Oil  on  canvas, height: 320 cm (10.4 ft) ; width: 414 cm (13.5 ft). Louvre Museum. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Joseph-Beno%C3%AEt_Suv%C3%A9e_-_Cornelia,_madre_dei_Gracchi.JPG.

Thibodeau, Phil. Image Ii. Photo of the Author’s House during the Covid 19 Pandemic. November 2021. Photo.

Tshkondia, Lasha. Image 15. A Reconstruction of the Theatrum Pompeī and the Enclosed Hortī or ‘Gardens’ That Were Connected to It. Image of a 3D, Computer-Generated Image of the Theater of Pompey by the Model-Maker, Lasha Tshkondia. Wikimedia Commons. September 30, 2012. 3D Model. http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/details?mid=424ddd660ac85fc86c4e174b0cf70299. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Theatre_of_Pompey_3D_cut_out.png.

Tskhondia, Lasha. Image 16. A Reconstruction of a Roman Basilica, the Basilica Aemilia, in the Forum Rōmānum, the Roman Forum. Image of a 3D, Computer-Generated Image of the Basilica Aemilia, Made by Lasha Tskhonida, 2012. Wikimedia Commons. February 20, 2012. http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/details?mid=655d54e97f3e3f046626df250d84698&prevstart=0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Basilica_Aemilia_3D.jpg.

Unknown. Image 1. Detail of a Roman Mosaic of a Street Scene with Musicians (Tympanon, Aulos, Castanets) from the Villa Del Cicerone in Pompeii. The Mosaic Is Signed by Dioskurides of Samos. 79 CE 70AD. Mosaic. Museo Archeologico Nazionale (Naples). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MAN_Dioscoride_Samio_1040612.JPG.

———. Image 2. Plautus, Amphitryon in Ms. Florence, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Plut. 36.41, Fol. 1r. 1450. Illuminated Manuscript. 2d copy. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plautus,_Amphitryon,_Florence,_Plut._36.41.jpg.

———. Image 5. Patrician Torlonia, Once Identifed as Cato the Elder. Bust No. 535 of the Torlonia Collection. First century BCE;  -1910s 1890. Photo of a marble statue, Marble bust. scan from 19th century book. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Patrizio_Torlonia.jpg.

———. Image 7. Mosaic Showing Theatrical Masks of Tragedy and Comedy. Roman Artwork, 2nd Century CE. 2nd century CE. Mosaic, H. 74.6 cm (29 ¼ in.). Capitoline Museums. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tragic_comic_masks_-_roman_mosaic.jpg.

unknown. Image 13. Mosaic from Centocelle, Love-Scene. Roman, 1st Century CE, Marble. 1st century CE. Deutsch:  Höhe: 40 cm, Breite: 40 cmEnglish:  Height: 40 cm, Width: 40 cm. Kunsthistorisches Museum. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_mosaic-_Love_Scene_-_Centocelle_-_Rome_-_KHM_-_Vienna.jpg.

Unknown. Image i. Frontispiece. Fresco Showing a Woman so-Called Sappho Holding Writing Implements (Wax Tablet and Stylus), 1st Century CE.  Photo by Carole Raddato. Tondo from Pompeii, Insula Occidentalis. Photo by Carol Raddato. July 4, 2014. No. 9084. Naples National Archaeological Museum. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fresco_showing_a_woman_so-called_Sappho_holding_writing_implements_(wax_tablet_and_stylus),_from_Pompeii,_Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum_(14842101892).jpg.

unknown Carolingian scribe, 9th century. Image 6. Publius Terentius Afer (Terence), Andria, Act 1, Scene 1. Illustration from a Medieval Manuscript, Codex Vaticanus Latinus 3868 (Lindsay-Kauer’s Codex C), Folium 4 Verso, Perhaps Created in Lotharingia (around Aachen) around AD 825. June 17, 2011. codex Vaticanus Latinus 3868. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Terence_Andria_1.1_Vat3868f4v.jpg.

Whittredge, Worthington. Image 23. The Amphitheatre of Tusculum and Albano Mountains, Rometitle QS:P1476,En:”The Amphitheatre of Tusculum and Albano Mountains, Rome”. 1860. Oil on canvas, height: 609.60 mm (24 in); width: 1,016 mm (40 in). Smithsonian American Art Museum. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Worthington_Whittredge_-_The_Amphitheatre_of_Tusculum_and_Albano_Mountains,_Rome_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg.