Vocabulary and Summary of Grammatical Forms: Explōrātiōnēs 1-24 (Adventures 1-24)

Case	1st Person	2nd Person	3rd Person (M., F., N.)
Nominative	nōs	vōs	eī, eae, ea
Genitive	nostrum (nostrī)	vestrum (vestrī)	eōrum, eārum, eōrum
Dative	nōbīs	vōbīs	eīs, eīs, eīs
Accusative	nōs	vōs	eōs, eās, ea
Ablative	nōbīs	vōbīs	eīs, eīs, eīs

Singular Interrogative Pronoun Forms

Case	Pronoun (M., F.)	Translation	Pronoun (N.)	Translation
Nominative	quis	who?	quid	what?
Genitive	cuius	whose?; of whom?	cuius	of what?
Dative	cui	to/for whom?	cui	to/for which?
Accusative	quem	whom?	quid	what?
Ablative	quō	prep. + whom?	quō	prep. + what?

Forms of Demonstrative Pronoun and Adjective hic, haec, hoc

Singular	Masc.	Fem.	Ntr.
Nom.	hic	haec	hoc
Gen.	huius	huius	huius
Dat.	huic	huic	huic
Acc.	hunc	hanc	hoc
Abl.	hōc	hāc	hōc
Plural
Nom.	hī	hae	haec
Gen.	hōrum	hārum	hōrum
Dat.	hīs	hīs	hīs
Acc.	hōs	hās	haec
Abl.	hīs	hīs	hīs

Forms of Demonstrative Pronoun and Adjective ille, illa, illud

Singular	Masc.	Fem	Ntr.
Nom.	ille	illa	illud
Gen.	illīus	illīus	illīus
Dat.	illī	illī	illī
Acc.	illum	illam	illud
Abl.	illō	illā	illō
Plural
Nom.	illī	illae	illa
Gen.	illōrum	illārum	illōrum
Dat.	illīs	illīs	illīs
Acc.	illōs	illās	illa
Abl.	illīs	illīs	illīs

Forms of the Relative Pronoun quī, quae, quod

Singular	Masc.	Fem.	Ntr.
Nom.	quī	quae	quod
Gen.	cuius	cuius	cuius
Dat.	cui	cui	cui
Acc.	quem	quam	quod
Abl.	quō	quā	quō
Plural
Nom.	quī	quae	quae
Gen.	quōrum	quārum	quōrum
Dat.	quibus	quibus	quibus
Acc.	quōs	quās	quae
Abl.	quibus	quibus	quibus

Nouns

First and Second Declension Noun Forms

Singular	1st Decl.	2nd Decl. Masc.	2nd Decl. Ntr.
Nom.	vi-a	amīc-us	bell-um
Gen.	vi-ae	amīc-ī	bell-ī
Dat.	vi-ae	amīc-ō	bell-ō
Acc.	vi-am	amīc-um	bell-um
Abl.	vi-ā	amīc-ō	bell-ō
Plural
Nom.	vi-ae	amīc-ī	bell-a
Gen.	vi-ārum	amīc-ōrum	bell-ōrum
Dat.	vi-īs	amīc-īs	bell-īs
Acc.	vi-ās	amīc-ōs	bell-a
Abl.	vi-īs	amīc-īs	bell-īs

Third Declension Noun Forms

Singular	3rd Decl. M., F.	3rd Decl. I-Stem, M., F.	3rd Decl. Ntr.	3rd Decl. I-Stem, Ntr.
Nom.	rēx	urbs	corpus	mare
Gen.	rēg-is	urb-is	corpor-is	mar-is
Dat.	rēg-ī	urb-ī	corpor-ī	mar-ī
Acc.	rēg-em	urb-em	corpus	mare
Abl.	rēg-e	urb-e	corpor-e	mar-ī
Plural
Nom.	rēg-ēs	urb-ēs	corpor-a	mar-ia
Gen.	rēg-um	urb-ium	corpor-um	mar-ium
Dat.	rēg-ibus	urb-ibus	corpor-ibus	mar-ibus
Acc.	rēg-ēs	urb-īs/ēs	corpor-a	mar-ia
Abl.	rēg-ibus	urb-ibus	corpor-ibus	mar-ibus

Fourth and Fifth Declension Noun Forms

Singular	4th Decl. M., F.	4th Decl. Ntr.	5th Decl.
Nom.	man-us	corn-ū	r-ēs
Gen.	man-ūs	corn-ūs	r-eī
Dat.	man-uī	corn-ū	r-eī
Acc.	man-um	corn-ū	r-em
Abl.	man-ū	corn-ū	r-ē
Plural
Nom.	man-ūs	corn-ua	r-ēs
Gen.	man-uum	corn-uum	r-ērum
Dat.	man-ibus	corn-ibus	r-ēbus
Acc.	man-ūs	corn-ua	r-ēs
Abl.	man-ibus	corn-ibus	r-ēbus

Irregular Noun vīs

Declension of vīs

Singular cases	Latin Forms
Nom.	vīs
Gen.	––
Dat.	––
Acc.	vim
Abl.	vī
Plural
Nom.	vīrēs
Gen.	vīrium
Dat.	vīribus
Acc.	vīrēs
Abl.	vīribus

Adjectives

US-A-UM Adjective Forms (First and Second Declension Adjectives)

Singular Cases	Masculine Singular	Feminine Singular	Neuter Singular
Nom.	bonus	bona	bonum
Gen.	bonī	bonae	bonī
Dat.	bonō	bonae	bonō
Acc.	bonum	bonam	bonum
Abl.	bonō	bonā	bonō
Plural Cases	Masculine Plural	Feminine Plural	Neuter Plural
Nom.	bonī	bonae	bona
Gen.	bonōrum	bonārum	bonōrum
Dat.	bonīs	bonīs	bonīs
Acc.	bonōs	bonās	bona
Abl.	bonīs	bonīs	bonīs

Third Declension Adjective Forms: Masculine/Feminine, and Neuter (2 Nominative Forms)

Singular	Masc./Fem.	Ntr.
Nom.	dulc-is	dulc-e
Gen.	dulc-is	dulc-is
Dat.	dulc-ī	dulc-ī
Acc.	dulc-em	dulc-e
Abl.	dulc-ī	dulc-ī
Plural
Nom.	dulc-ēs	dulc-ia
Gen.	dulc-ium	dulc-ium
Dat.	dulc-ibus	dulc-ibus
Acc.	dulc-īs /-ēs	dulc-ia
Abl.	dulc-ibus	dulc-ibus

Third Declension Adjective Forms: Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter (3 Nominative Forms)

Singular	Masc.	Fem.	Ntr.
Nom.	volucer	volucr-is	volucr-e
Gen.	volucr-is	volucr-is	volucr-is
Dat.	volucr-ī	volucr-ī	volucr-ī
Acc.	volucr-em	volucr-em	volucr-e
Abl.	volucr-ī	volucr-ī	volucr-ī
Plural
Nom.	volucr-ēs	volucr-ēs	volucr-ia
Gen.	volucr-ium	volucr-ium	volucr-ium
Dat.	volucr-ibus	volucr-ibus	volucr-ibus
Acc.	volucr-īs /-ēs	volucr-īs /-ēs	volucr-ia
Abl.	volucr-ibus	volucr-ibus	volucr-ibus

Third Declension Adjective Forms: Single Nominative Form

Singular	Masc./Fem.	Ntr.
Nom.	ingēns	ingēns
Gen.	ingent-is	ingent-is
Dat.	ingent-ī	ingent-ī
Acc.	ingent-em	ingēns
Abl.	ingent-ī	ingent-ī
Plural
Nom.	ingent-ēs	ingent-ia
Gen.	ingent-ium	ingent-ium
Dat.	ingent-ibus	ingent-ibus
Acc.	ingent-īs /-ēs	ingent-ia
Abl.	ingent-ibus	ingent-ibus

Comparative Adjective Forms

Singular Cases	Masc., Fem.	“harder” (from dūrus, dūr-a, dūrum ‘hard’)	Masc., Fem.	Ntr.
Vocabulary word	“harder” (from dūrus, dūr-a, dūrum ‘hard’)		“braver” (from fort-is, forte ‘brave’)
Nom.	dūr-ior	dūr-ius	fort-ior	fort-ius
Gen.	dūr-iōris	dūr-iōris	fort-iōris	fort-iōris
Dat.	dūr-iōrī	dūr-iōrī	fort-iōrī	fort-iōrī
Acc.	dūr-iōrem	dūr-ius	fort-iōrem	fort-ius
Abl.	dūr-iōre/ī	dūr-iōre/ī	fort-iōre/ī	fort-iōre/ī
Plural
Nom.	dūr-iōrēs	dūr-iōra	fort-iōrēs	fort-iōra
Gen.	dūr-iōrum	dūr-iōrum	fort-iōrum	fort-iōrum
Dat.	dūr-iōribus	dūr-iōribus	fort-iōribus	fort-iōribus
Acc.	dūr-iōrēs/īs	dūr-iōra	fort-iōrēs/īs	fort-iōra
Abl.	dūr-iōribus	dūr-iōribus	fort-iōribus	fort-iōribus

Forms of the Adjective alius, alia, aliud

Singular	Masc.	Fem.	Ntr.
Nom.	alius	alia	aliud
Gen.	(alterīus)	(alterīus)	(alterīus)
Dat.	aliī	aliī	aliī
Acc.	alium	aliam	aliud
Abl.	aliō	aliā	aliō
Plural
Nom.	aliī	aliae	alia
Gen.	aliōrum	aliārum	aliōrum
Dat.	aliīs	aliīs	aliīs
Acc.	aliōs	aliās	alia
Abl.	aliīs	aliīs	aliīs

Forms of the Adjective alter, altera, alterum

Singular	Masc.	Fem.	Ntr.
Nom.	alter	altera	alterum
Gen.	alterīus	alterīus	alterīus
Dat.	alterī	alterī	alterī
Acc.	alterum	alteram	alterum
Abl.	alterō	alterā	alterō
Plural
Nom.	alterī	alterae	altera
Gen.	alterōrum	alterārum	alterōrum
Dat.	alterīs	alterīs	alterīs
Acc.	alterōs	alterās	altera
Abl.	alterīs	alterīs	alterīs

Forms of the Adjective īdem, eadem, idem

Singular	Masc.	Fem.	Ntr.
Nom.	īdem	eadem	idem
Gen.	eiusdem	eiusdem	eiusdem
Dat.	eīdem	eīdem	eīdem
Acc.	eundem	eandem	idem
Abl.	eōdem	eādem	eōdem
Plural
Nom.	eīdem	eaedem	eadem
Gen.	eōrundem	eārundem	eōrundem
Dat.	eīsdem	eīsdem	eīsdem
Acc.	eōsdem	eāsdem	eadem
Abl.	eīsdem	eīsdem	eīsdem

Forms of the Intensive Adjective ipse, ipsa, ipsum

Singular	Masc.	Fem.	Ntr.
Nom.	ipse	ipsa	ipsum
Gen.	ipsīus	ipsīus	ipsīus
Dat.	ipsī	ipsī	ipsī
Acc.	ipsum	ipsam	ipsum
Abl.	ipsō	ipsā	ipsō
Plural
Nom.	ipsī	ipsae	ipsa
Gen.	ipsōrum	ipsārum	ipsōrum
Dat.	ipsīs	ipsīs	ipsīs
Acc.	ipsōs	ipsās	ipsa
Abl.	ipsīs	ipsīs	ipsīs

Verbs: Active Voice, Present, Imperfect, Future Tenses

Active Voice Personal Endings

Person	Singular	Plural
1st	-ō or -m	-mus
2nd	-s	-tis
3rd	-t	-nt

Irregular Verbs Present Tense

Present Tense Forms of Irregular sum, esse, fuī

Person	Present Tense Forms Singular	Present Tense Forms Plural	English Translation Singular	English Translation Plural
1st	sum	sumus	I am	we are
2nd	es	estis	you are	you all are
3rd	est	sunt	he, she, it is	they are

Present Tense Forms of Irregular possum, posse, potuī

Person	Present Tense Forms Singular	Present Tense Forms Plural	English Translation Singular	English Translation Plural
1st	possum	possumus	I am able	we are able
2nd	potes	potestis	you are able	you all are able
3rd	potest	possunt	he, she, it is able	they are able

Present Tense Forms of Irregular eō, īre, īvī / iī, itus

Person	Present Tense Forms Singular	Present Tense Forms Plural	English Translation Singular	English Translation Plural
1st	eō	īmus	I go	we go
2nd	īs	ītis	you go	you all go
3rd	it	eunt	he, she, it goes	they go

Irregular I-Verb ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus Present Tense Active Voice Forms

Person	Present Tense Forms Singular	Present Tense Forms Plural	English Translation Singular	English Translation Plural
1st	ferō	ferimus	I carry	we carry
2nd	fers	fertis	you carry	you all carry
3rd	fert	ferunt	he, she, it carries	they carry

Irregular Verbs Imperfect Tense

Imperfect Tense Forms of Irregular sum, esse, fuī

Person	Imperfect Tense Forms Singular	Imperfect Tense Forms Plural	English Translation Singular	English Translation Plural
1st	eram	erāmus	I was	we were
2nd	erās	erātis	you were	you all were
3rd	erat	erant	he, she, it was	they were

Imperfect Tense Forms of Irregular possum, posse, potuī

Person	Imperfect Tense Forms Singular	Imperfect Tense Forms Plural	English Translation Singular	English Translation Plural
1st	poteram	poterāmus	I was able	we were able
2nd	poterās	poterātis	you were able	you all were able
3rd	poterat	poterant	he, she, it was able	they were able

Imperfect Tense Forms of Irregular eō, īre, īvī / iī, itus

Person	Imperfect Tense Forms Singular	Imperfect Tense Forms Plural	English Translation Singular	English Translation Plural
1st	ībam	ībāmus	I was going	we were going
2nd	ībās	ībātis	you were going	you all were going
3rd	ībat	ībant	he, she, it was going	they were going

Irregular Verbs Future Tense

Future Tense Forms of Irregular sum, esse, fuī

Person	Future Tense Forms Singular	Future Tense Forms Plural	English Translation Singular	English Translation Plural
1st	erō	erimus	I will be	we will be
2nd	eris	eritis	you will be	you all will be
3rd	erit	erunt	he, she, it will be	they will be

Future Tense Forms of Irregular possum, posse, potuī

Person	Future Tense Forms Singular	Future Tense Forms Plural	English Translation Singular	English Translation Plural
1st	poterō	poterimus	I will be able	we will be able
2nd	poteris	poteritis	you will be able	you all will be able
3rd	poterit	poterunt	he, she, it will be able	they will be able

Future Tense Forms of Irregular eō, īre, īvī / iī, itus

Person	Future Tense Forms Singular	Future Tense Forms Plural	English Translation Singular	English Translation Plural
1st	ībō	ībimus	I will go	we will go
2nd	ībis	ībitis	you will go	you all will go
3rd	ībit	ībunt	he, she, it will go	they will go

Regular Verbs Present Tense Active Voice

A-Verb Present Tense Active Voice Forms

Ending Singular	Ending Plural	Verb Stem + Ending Singular	Verb Stem + Ending Plural	English Translation Singular	English Translation Plural
-ō	-ā-mus	cōgit-ō	cōgit-āmus	I think	we think
-ā-s	-ā-tis	cōgit-ās	cōgit-ātis	you think	you all think
-a-t	-a-nt	cōgit-at	cōgit-ant	he, she, it thinks	they think

E-Verb Present Tense Active Voice Forms

Ending Singular	Ending Plural	Verb Stem + Ending Singular	Verb Stem + Ending Plural	English Translation Singular	English Translation Plural
-e-ō	-ē-mus	dēbeō	dēbēmus	I need	we need
-ē-s	-ē-tis	dēbēs	dēbētis	you need	you all need
-e-t	-e-nt	dēbet	dēbent	he, she, it needs	they need

I-Verb Present Tense Active Voice Forms

Ending Singular	Ending Plural	Verb Stem + Ending Singular	Verb Stem + Ending Plural	English Translation Singular	English Translation Plural
-ō	-imus	petō	petimus	I seek	we seek
-is	-itis	petis	petitis	you seek	you all seek
-it	-unt	petit	petunt	he, she, it seeks	they seek

Long I-Verb Present Tense Active Voice Forms

Ending Singular	Ending Plural	Verb Stem + Ending Singular	Verb Stem + Ending Plural	English Translation Singular	English Translation Plural
-iō	-īmus	veniō	venīmus	I come	we come
-īs	-ītis	venīs	venītis	you come	you all come
-it	-iunt	venit	veniunt	he, she, it comes	they come

Mixed I-Verb Present Tense Active Voice Forms

Ending Singular	Ending Plural	Verb Stem + Ending Singular	Verb Stem + Ending Plural	English Translation Singular	English Translation Plural
-iō	-imus	faciō	facimus	I make	we make
-is	-itis	facis	facitis	you make	you all make
-it	-iunt	facit	faciunt	he, she, it makes	they make

Regular Verbs Imperfect Tense Active Voice

A-Verb Imperfect Tense Active Voice Forms

Ending Singular	Ending Plural	Verb Stem + Ending Singular	Verb Stem + Ending Plural	English Translation Singular	English Translation Plural
-ābam	-ābāmus	cōgitābam	cōgitābāmus	I was thinking	we were thinking
-ābās	-ābātis	cōgitābās	cōgitābātis	you were thinking	you all were thinking
-ābat	-ābant	cōgitābat	cōgitābant	he, she, it was thinking	they were thinking

E-Verb Imperfect Tense Active Voice Forms

Ending Singular	Ending Plural	Verb Stem + Ending Singular	Verb Stem + Ending Plural	English Translation Singular	English Translation Plural
-ē-bam	-ē-bāmus	habēbam	habēbāmus	I was having	we were having
-ē-bās	-ē-bātis	habēbās	habēbātis	you were having	you all were having
-ē-bat	-ē-bant	habēbat	habēbant	he, she, it was having	they were having

I-Verb Imperfect Tense Active Voice Forms

Ending	Ending	Verb Stem + Ending	Verb Stem + Ending	English Translation	English Translation
Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
-ēbam	-ēbāmus	petēbam	petēbāmus	I was seeking	we were seeking
-ēbās	-ēbātis	petēbās	petēbātis	you were seeking	you all were seeking
-ēbat	-ēbant	petēbat	petēbant	he, she, it was seeking	they were seeking

Long I-Verb Imperfect Tense Active Voice Forms

Ending	Ending	Verb Stem + Ending	Verb Stem + Ending	English Translation	English Translation
Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
-iēbam	-iēbāmus	veniēbam	veniēbāmus	I was coming	we were coming
-iēbās	-iēbātis	veniēbās	veniēbātis	you were coming	you all were coming
-iēbat	-iēbant	veniēbat	veniēbant	he, she, it was coming	they were coming

Mixed I-Verb Imperfect Tense Active Voice Forms

Ending Singular	Ending Plural	Verb Stem + Ending Singular	Verb Stem + Ending Plural	English Translation Singular	English Translation Plural
-iēbam	-iēbāmus	faciēbam	faciēbāmus	I was making	we were making
-iēbās	-iēbātis	faciēbās	faciēbātis	you were making	you all were making
-iēbat	-iēbant	faciēbat	faciēbant	he, she, it was making	they were making

Regular Verbs Future Tense Active Voice

A-Verb Future Tense Active Voice Forms

Ending	Ending	Verb Stem + Ending	Verb Stem + Ending	English Translation	English Translation
Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
-ābō	-ābimus	cōgitābō	cōgitābimus	I will think	we will think
-ābis	-ābitis	cōgitābis	cōgitābitis	you will think	you all will think
-ābit	-ābunt	cōgitābit	cōgitābunt	he, she, it will think	they will think

E-Verb Future Tense Active Voice Forms

Ending	Ending	Verb Stem + Ending	Verb Stem + Ending	English Translation	English Translation
Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
-ēbō	-ēbimus	iubēbō	iubēbimus	I will order	we will order
-ēbis	-ēbitis	iubēbis	iubēbitis	you will order	you all will order
-ēbit	-ēbunt	iubēbit	iubēbunt	he, she, it will order	they will order

I-Verb Future Tense Active Voice Forms

Ending	Ending	Verb Stem + Ending	Verb Stem + Ending	English Translation	English Translation
Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
-am	-ēmus	petam	petēmus	I will seek	we will seek
-ēs	-ētis	petēs	petētis	you will seek	you all will seek
-et	-ent	petet	petent	he, she, it will seek	they will seek

Long I-Verb Future Tense Active Voice Forms

Ending	Ending	Verb Stem + Ending	Verb Stem + Ending	English Translation	English Translation
Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
-iam	-iēmus	veniam	veniēmus	I will come	we will come
-iēs	-iētis	veniēs	veniētis	you will come	you all will come
-iet	-ient	veniet	venient	he, she, it will come	they will come

Mixed I-Verb Future Tense Active Voice Forms

Ending	Ending	Verb Stem + Ending	Verb Stem + Ending	English Translation	English Translation
Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
-iam	-iēmus	faciam	faciēmus	I will make	we will make
-iēs	-iētis	faciēs	faciētis	you will make	you all will make
-iet	-ient	faciet	facient	he, she, it will make	they will make

Verbs: Passive Voice, Present, Imperfect, Future Tenses

Passive Voice Personal Endings

Person	Passive Singular	Passive Plural
1st	-r	-mur
2nd	-ris/-re	-minī
3rd	-tur	-ntur

Irregular Verbs

Irregular I-Verb ferō, ferre, tulī Present Tense Passive Voice Forms

Present Tense Passive Voice Forms Singular	Present Tense Passive Voice Forms Plural	English Translation Singular	English Translation Plural
feror	ferimur	I am carried	we are carried
ferris/ferre	feriminī	you are carried	you all are carried
fertur	feruntur	he, she, it is carried	they are carried

Regular Verbs Present Tense Passive Voice

A-Verb Present Tense Passive Voice Forms

Ending Singular	Ending Plural	Verb Stem + Ending Singular	Verb Stem + Ending Plural	English Translation Singular	English Translation Plural
-or	-āmur	rogor	rogāmur	I am asked	we are asked
-āris/āre	-āminī	rogāris/āre	rogāminī	you are asked	you all are asked
-ātur	-antur	rogātur	rogantur	he, she, it is asked	they are asked

E-Verb Present Tense Passive Voice Forms

Ending Singular	Ending Plural	Verb Stem + Ending Singular	Verb Stem + Ending Plural	English Translation Singular	English Translation Plural
-eor	-ēmur	habeor	habēmur	I am held	we are held
-ēris/ēre	-ēminī	habēris/ēre	habēminī	you are held	you all are held
-ētur	-entur	habētur	habentur	he, she, it is held	they are held

I-Verb Present Tense Passive Voice Forms

Ending Singular	Ending Plural	Verb Stem + Ending Singular	Verb Stem + Ending Plural	English Translation Singular	English Translation Plural
-or	-imur	petor	petimur	I am sought	we are sought
-eris/ere	-iminī	peteris/ere	petiminī	you are sought	you all are sought
-itur	-untur	petitur	petuntur	he, she, it is sought	they are sought

Long I-Verb Present Tense Passive Voice Forms

Ending	Ending	Verb Stem + Ending	Verb Stem + Ending	English Translation	English Translation
Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
-ior	-īmur	audior	audīmur	I am heard	we are heard
-īris/īre	-īminī	audīris/īre	audīminī	you are heard	you all are heard
-ītur	-iuntur	audītur	audiuntur	he, she, it is heard	they are heard

Mixed I-Verb Present Tense Passive Voice Forms

Ending Singular	Ending Plural	Verb Stem + Ending Singular	Verb Stem + Ending Plural	English Translation Singular	English Translation Plural
-ior	-imur	capior	capimur	I am taken	we are taken
-eris/ere	-iminī	caperis/ere	capiminī	you are taken	you all are taken
-itur	-iuntur	capitur	capiuntur	he, she, it is taken	they are taken

Regular Verbs Imperfect Tense Passive Voice

A-Verb Imperfect Tense Passive Voice Forms

Ending Singular	Ending Plural	Verb Stem + Ending Singular	Verb Stem + Ending Plural	English Translation Singular	English Translation Plural
-ābar	-ābāmur	rogābar	rogābāmur	I was being asked	we were being asked
-ābāris/ābāre	-ābāminī	rogābāris/bāre	rogābāminī	you were being asked	you all were begin asked
-ābātur	-ābantur	rogābātur	rogābantur	he, she, it was being asked	they were being asked

E-Verb Imperfect Tense Passive Voice Forms

Ending Singular	Ending Plural	Verb Stem + Ending Singular	Verb Stem + Ending Plural	English Translation Singular	English Translation Plural
-ēbar	-ēbāmur	habēbar	habēbāmur	I was being held	were being held
-ēbāris/ēbāre	-ēbāminī	habēbāris/bāre	habēbāminī	you were being held	you all were being held
-ēbātur	-ēbantur	habēbātur	habēbantur	he, she, it was being held	they were being held

I-Verb Imperfect Tense Passive Voice Forms

Ending Singular	Ending Plural	Verb Stem + Ending Singular	Verb Stem + Ending Plural	English Translation Singular	English Translation Plural
-ēbar	-ēbāmur	petēbar	petēbāmur	I was being sought	we were being sought
-ēbāris/ēbāre	-ēbāminī	petēbāris/ēbāre	petēbāminī	you were being sought	you all were being sought
-ēbātur	-ēbantur	petēbātur	petēbantur	he, she, it was being sought	they were being sought

Long I-Verb Imperfect Tense Passive Voice Forms

Ending Singular	Ending Plural	Verb Stem + Ending Singular	Verb Stem + Ending Plural	English Translation Singular	English Translation Plural
-iēbar	-iēbāmur	audiēbar	audiēbāmur	I was being heard	we were being heard
-iēbāris/iēbāre	-iēbāminī	audiēbāris/iēbāre	audiēbāminī	you were being heard	you all were being heard
-iēbātur	-iēbantur	audiēbātur	audiēbantur	he, she, it was being heard	they were being heard

Mixed I-Verb Imperfect Tense Passive Voice Forms

Ending Singular	Ending Plural	Verb Stem + Ending Singular	Verb Stem + Ending Plural	English Translation Singular	English Translation Plural
-iēbar	-iēbāmur	capiēbar	capiēbāmur	I was being taken	we were being taken
-iēbāris/iēbāre	-iēbāminī	capiēbāris/iēbāre	capiēbāminī	you were being taken	you all were being taken
-iēbātur	-iēbantur	capiēbātur	capiēbantur	he, she, it was being taken	they were being taken

Regular Verbs Future Tense Passive Voice

A-Verb Future Tense Passive Voice Forms

Ending Singular	Ending Plural	Verb Stem + Ending Singular	Verb Stem + Ending Plural	English Translation Singular	English Translation Plural
-ābor	-ābimur	rogābor	rogābimur	I will be asked	we will be asked
-āberis/ābere	-ābiminī	rogāberis/bere	rogābiminī	you will be asked	you all will be asked
-ābitur	-ābuntur	rogābitur	rogābuntur	he, she, it will be asked	they will be asked

E-Verb Future Tense Passive Voice Forms

Ending Singular	Ending Plural	Verb Stem + Ending Singular	Verb Stem + Ending Plural	English Translation Singular	English Translation Plural
-ēbor	-ēbimur	habēbor	habēbimur	I will be held	we will be held
-ēberis/ēbere	-ēbiminī	habēberis/bere	habēbiminī	you will be held	you all will be held
-ēbitur	-ēbuntur	habēbitur	habēbuntur	he, she, it will be held	they will be held

I-Verb Future Tense Passive Voice Forms

Ending	Ending	Verb Stem + Ending	Verb Stem + Ending	English Translation	English Translation
Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
-ar	-ēmur	petar	petēmur	I will be sought	we will be sought
-ēris/ēre	-ēminī	petēris/ēre	petēminī	you will be sought	you all will be sought
-ētur	-entur	petētur	petentur	he, she, it will be sought	they will be sought

Long I-Verb Future Tense Passive Voice Forms

Ending	Ending	Verb Stem + Ending	Verb Stem + Ending	English Translation	English Translation
Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
-iar	-iēmur	audiar	audiēmur	I will be heard	we will be heard
-iēris/iēre	-iēminī	audiēris/iēre	audiēminī	you will be heard	you all will be heard
-iētur	-ientur	audiētur	audientur	he, she, it will be heard	they will be heard

Mixed I-Verb Future Tense Passive Voice Forms

Ending	Ending	Verb Stem + Ending	Verb Stem + Ending	English Translation	English Translation
Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
-iar	-iēmur	capiar	capiēmur	I will be taken	we will be taken
-iēris/iēre	-iēminī	capiēris/iēre	capiēminī	you will be taken	you all will be taken
-iētur	-ientur	capiētur	capientur	he, she, it will be taken	they will be taken

Verbs: Deponent Verbs, Present, Imperfect, Future Tenses

Deponent Verbs Present Tense

Deponent A-Verb Present Tense Forms

Ending	Ending	Verb Stem + Ending	Verb Stem + Ending	English Translation	English Translation
Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
-or	-āmur	precor	precāmur	I pray	we pray
-āris/āre	-āminī	precāris/āre	precāminī	you pray	you all pray
-ātur	-antur	precātur	precantur	he, she, it prays	they pray

Deponent I-Verb Present Tense Forms

Ending	Ending	Verb Stem + Ending	Verb Stem + Ending	English Translation	English Translation
Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
-or	-imur	sequor	sequimur	I follow	we follow
-eris/ere	-iminī	sequeris/ere	sequiminī	you follow	you all follow
-itur	-untur	sequitur	sequunt	he, she, it follows	they follow

Deponent Long I-Verb Present Tense Forms

Ending	Ending	Verb Stem + Ending	Verb Stem + Ending	English Translation	English Translation
Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
-ior	-īmur	orior	orīmur	I rise	we rise
-īris/īre	-īminī	orīris/īre	orīminī	you rise	you all rise
-ītur	-iuntur	orītur	oriuntur	he, she, it rises	they rise

Deponent Mixed I-Verb Present Tense Forms

Ending	Ending	Verb Stem + Ending	Verb Stem + Ending	English Translation	English Translation
Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
-ior	-imur	morior	moriumur	I die	we die
-eris/ere	-iminī	moreris/morere	moriminī	you die	you all die
-itur	-iuntur	moritur	moriuntur	he, she, it dies	they die

Deponent Verbs Imperfect Tense

Deponent A-Verb Imperfect Tense Forms

Ending Singular	Ending Plural	Verb Stem + Ending Singular	Verb Stem + Ending Plural	English Translation Singular	English Translation Plural
-ābar	-ābāmur	precābar	precābāmur	I was praying	we were praying
-ābāris/ābāre	-ābāminī	precābāris/bāre	precābāminī	you were praying	you all were praying
-ābātur	-ābantur	precābātur	precabantur	he, she, it was praying	they were praying

Deponent I-Verb Imperfect Tense Forms

Ending Singular	Ending Plural	Verb Stem + Ending Singular	Verb Stem + Ending Plural	English Translation Singular	English Translation Plural
-ēbar	-ēbāmur	sequēbar	sequēbāmur	I was following	we were following
-ēbāris/ēbāre	-ēbāminī	sequēbāris/bāre	sequēbāminī	you were following	you all were following
-ēbātur	-ēbantur	sequēbātur	sequēbantur	he, she, it was following	they were following

Deponent Long I-Verb Imperfect Tense Forms

Ending Singular	Ending Plural	Verb Stem + Ending Singular	Verb Stem + Ending Plural	English Translation Singular	English Translation Plural
-iēbar	-iēbāmur	oriēbar	oriēbāmur	I was rising	we were rising
-iēbāris/iēbāre	-iēbāminī	oriēbāris/bāre	oriēbāminī	you were rising	you all were rising
-iēbātur	-iēbantur	oriēbātur	oriēbantur	he, she, it was rising	they were rising

Deponent Mixed I-Verb Imperfect Tense Forms

Ending Singular	Ending Plural	Verb Stem + Ending Singular	Verb Stem + Ending Plural	English Translation Singular	English Translation Plural
-iēbar	-iēbāmur	moriēbar	moriēbāmur	I was dying	we were dying
-iēbāris/iēbāre	-iēbāminī	moriēbāris/bāre	moriēbāminī	you were dying	you all were dying
-iēbātur	-iēbantur	moriēbātur	moriēbantur	he, she, it was dying	they were dying

Deponent Verbs Future Tense

Deponent A-Verb Future Tense Forms

Ending	Ending	Verb Stem + Ending	Verb Stem + Ending	English Translation	English Translation
Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
-ābor	-ābimur	precābor	precābimur	I will pray	we will pray
-āberis/ābere	-ābiminī	precāberis/bere	precābiminī	you will pray	you all will pray
-ābitur	-ābuntur	precābitur	precabuntur	he, she, it will pray	they will pray

Deponent I-Verb Future Tense Forms

Ending	Ending	Verb Stem + Ending	Verb Stem + Ending	English Translation	English Translation
Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
-ar	-ēmur	sequar	sequēmur	I will follow	we will follow
-ēris/ēre	-ēminī	sequēris/ēre	sequēminī	you will follow	you all will follow
-ētur	-entur	sequētur	sequentur	he, she, it will follow	they will follow

Deponent Long I-Verb Future Tense Forms

Ending	Ending	Verb Stem + Ending	Verb Stem + Ending	English Translation	English Translation
Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
-iar	-iēmur	oriar	oriēmur	I will rise	we will rise
-iēris/iēre	-iēminī	oriēris/iēre	oriēminī	you will rise	you all will rise
-iētur	-ientur	oriētur	oriēntur	he, she, it will rise	they will rise

Deponent Mixed I-Verb Future Tense Forms

Ending	Ending	Verb Stem + Ending	Verb Stem + Ending	English Translation	English Translation
Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
-iar	-iēmur	moriar	moriēmur	I will die	we will die
-iēris/iēre	-iēminī	moriēris/iēre	moriēminī	you will die	you all will die
-iētur	-ientur	moriētur	moriēntur	he, she, it will die	they will die

Verbs: Imperative Forms, Active and Passive Voice

Active Voice Imperative Forms of Regular Verbs

Verb Conjugation	Ending Singular	Ending Plural	Verb Stem + Ending Singular	Verb Stem + Ending Plural	English Translation Singular	English Translation Plural
A-Verbs	-ā	-āte	cōgitā	cōgitāte	Think!	Think, (you all)!
E-Verbs	-ē	-ēte	movē	movēte	Move!	Move, (you all)!
I-Verbs	-e	-ite	pōne	pōnite	Place!	Place, (you all)!
Long I-Verbs	-ī	-īte	audī	audīte	Listen!	Listen, (you all)!
Mixed I-Verbs	-e	-ite	cape	capite	Take!	Take, (you all)!

Active Voice Imperative Forms of Irregular I-Verbs

Verb	Singular	Plural	English Translation	English Translation
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictus	Dīc	Dīcite	Say!	Say, (you all)!
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus	Fer	Ferte	Bring!	Bring, (you all)!

Passive Voice Imperative Forms of Regular Verbs

Conjugation	Ending Singular	Ending Plural	Verb Stem + Ending Singular	Verb Stem + Ending Plural	English Translation Singular	English Translation Plural
A-Verbs	-āre	-āminī	amāre	amāminī	Be loved!	Be loved, (you all)!
E-Verbs	-ēre	-ēminī	habēre	habēminī	Be held!	Be held, (you all)!
I-Verbs	-ere	-iminī	pōnere	poniminī	Be placed!	Be placed, (you all)!
Long I-Verbs	-īre	-īminī	audīre	audīminī	Be heard!	Be heard, (you all)!
Mixed I-Verbs	-ere	-iminī	capere	capiminī	Be taken!	Be taken, (you all)!

Imperative Forms of Irregular eō, īre, īvī / iī, itus

Singular Imperative	English Translation	Plural Imperative	English Translation
ī	Go!	īte	Go, (you all)!

Verbs: Present Infinitive Forms, Active and Passive Voice

Present Tense Active Voice Infinitive Forms of Regular Verbs

Conjugation	Active Infinitive Ending	Active Infinitive Example	English Translation
A-Verbs	-āre	rogāre	to ask
E-Verbs	-ēre	habēre	to hold
I-Verbs	-ere	ponere	to place
Long I-Verbs	-īre	audīre	to hear
Mixed I-Verbs	-ere	capere	to take

Present Tense Passive Voice Infinitive Forms of Regular Verbs

Conjugation	Passive Infinitive Ending	Passive Infinitive Example	English Translation
A-Verbs	-ārī	rogārī	to be asked
E-Verbs	-ērī	habērī	to be held
I-Verbs	-ī	pōnī	to be placed
Long I-Verbs	-īrī	audīrī	to be heard
Mixed I-Verbs	-ī	capī	to be taken

Present Tense Active Infinitive Forms of Irregular Verbs

Verb	Present Infinitive	English Translation
eō, īre, īvī / iī	īre	to go
possum, posse, potuī	posse	to be able
sum, esse, fuī	esse	to be
ferrō, ferre, tulī	ferre	to carry

Present Tense Passive Infinitive Forms of Irregular Verbs

Verb	Present Infinitive	English Translation
ferrō, ferre, tulī, lātus	ferrī	to be carried

Verbs: Participles

Present Active Participle

Verb Conjugation	Present Active Participle	English Translation
A-Verb (1st Conj.)	vocāns, vocant-is	calling
E-Verb (2nd Conj.)	movēns, movent-is	moving
I-Verb (3rd Conj.)	dūcēns, dūcent-is	leading
Long I-Verb (4th Conj.)	sciēns, scient-is	knowing
Mixed I-Verb (3rd Conj. -iō)	capiēns, capient-is	taking

The present active participle declines as a third declension adjective with single nominative form (like ingēns, ingent-is).

Perfect Passive Participle

Verb Conjugation	Perfect Passive Participle	English Translation
A-Verb (1st Conj.)	vocātus, vocāt-a, vocatum	having been called
E-Verb (2nd Conj.)	mōtus, mōt-a, mōtum	having been moved
I-Verb (3rd Conj.)	ductus, duct-a, ductum	having been led
Long I-Verb (4th Conj.)	scītus, scīt-a, scītum	having been known
Mixed I-Verb (3rd Conj. -iō)	captus, capt-a, captum	having been taken

The perfect passive participle declines as an US-A-UM (first and second declension) adjective.

Verbs: Perfect System (Perfect and Pluperfect Tenses)

Perfect Tense Active Voice Personal Endings

Person	Singular	Plural
1st	-ī	-imus
2nd	-istī	-istis
3rd	-it	-ēre / -ērunt

Perfect Tense Active Voice Forms of Regular Verb amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus

Person	Perfect Active Forms Singular	Perfect Active Forms Plural	English Translation Singular	English Translation Plural
1st	amāv-ī	amāv-imus	I loved/have loved	we loved/have loved
2nd	amāv-istī	amāv-istis	you loved/have loved	you all loved/have loved
3rd	amāv-it	amāv-ēre/-ērunt	he/she/it loved/has loved	they loved/have loved

Perfect Tense Forms of Irregular eō, īre, īvī / iī, itus

Person	Perfect Active Forms Singular	Perfect Active Forms Plural	English Translation Singular	English Translation Plural
1st	īv-ī / i-ī	īv-imus / i-imus	I went/have gone	we went/have gone
2nd	īv-istī / i-istī	īv-istis / i-istis	you went/ have gone	you all went/have gone
3rd	īv-it / i-it	īv-ēre / i-ēre, īv-ērunt / i-ērunt	he/she/it went/has gone	they went/have gone

Perfect Tense Passive Voice Forms of Regular Verb amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus

Person	Perfect Passive Forms Singular	Perfect Passive Forms Plural	English Translation Singular	English Translation Plural
1st	amātus/a/um sum	amātī/ae/a sumus	I was loved / I have been loved	we were loved / we have been loved
2nd	amātus/a/um es	amātī/ae/a estis	you were loved / you have been loved	you all were loved / you all have been loved
3rd	amātus/a/um est	amātī/ae/a sunt	he/she/it was loved / he/she/it has been loved	they were loved / they have been loved

Perfect Active Infinitive Form of Regular Verbs

Verb	Perfect Active Infinitive	English Translation
amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus	amāv-isse	to have loved

Perfect Active Infinitive Form of Irregular Verbs

Verb	Perfect Active Infinitive	English Translation
sum, esse, fuī	fuisse	to have been
eō, īre, īvī, / iī, itus	īsse	to have gone
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus	tulisse	to have carried

Pluperfect Tense Active Voice Personal Endings

Person	Pluperfect Active Forms Singular	Pluperfect Active Forms Plural	English Translation Singular	English Translation Plural
1st	amāv-eram	amāv-erāmus	I had loved	we had loved
2nd	amāv-erās	amāv-erātis	you had loved	you all had loved
3rd	amāv-erat	amāv-erant	he/she/it had loved	they had loved

Pluperfect Tense Active Voice Forms of Regular Verb amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus

Person	Pluperfect Active Forms Singular	Pluperfect Active Forms Plural	English Translation Singular	English Translation Plural
1st	amāv-eram	amāv-erāmus	I had loved	we had loved
2nd	amāv-erās	amāv-erātis	you had loved	you all had loved
3rd	amāv-erat	amāv-erant	he/she/it had loved	they had loved

Pluperfect Tense Passive Voice Forms of Regular Verb amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus

Person	Pluperfect Passive Forms Singular	Pluperfect Passive Forms Plural	English Translation Singular	English Translation Plural
1st	amātus/a/um eram	amātī/ae/a erāmus	I had been loved	we had been loved
2nd	amātus/a/um erās	amātī/ae/a erātis	you had been loved	you all had been loved
3rd	amātus/a/um erat	amātī/ae/a erant	he/she/it had been loved	they had been loved

Vocabulary: Explōrātiōnēs 1-24

Latin	English Meaning
ā / ab + abl.	away from; from; by
accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptus	to receive
ad + acc.	to; towards
adeō, adīre, adiī, aditus	to go to
adferō, adferre, attulī, allātus	to bring to
adhūc	still; so far
adulēscēns, adulēscentis, m./f.	young adult; young man; young woman “Someone in their 20s.”
adveniō, advenīre, advēnī, adventus	to come to; arrive at
aequor, aequoris, n.	sea; plain
aetās, aetātis, f.	age; lifetime
ager, agrī, m.	field; land (“Land as a piece of property.”)
agō, agere, ēgī, āctus	to do; drive “This verb is often idiomatic: e.g. agere vītam means ‘to lead a life’; the imperatives (age, agite) mean ‘come on!’”
aliēnus, aliēna, aliēnum	alien; another’s; belonging to another
aliquis, aliquid	some; any (used as an adjective) someone; anyone; something; anything (used as a pronoun) “This word declines like quis (m., f.), quid (n.), with ali- attached.”
alius, alia, aliud	other; another; one… another; some... others; different... different
alter, altera, alterum	other (of two); another; one (of two) “When this word occurs once it means ‘other’ or ‘another’. When it occurs twice it means ‘one... the other’.”
amīcitia, amīcitiae, f.	friendship
amīcus, amīcī, m.	friend
āmittō, āmittere, āmīsī, āmissus	to lose; dismiss
amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus	to love
amor, amōris, m.	love
anima, animae, f.	soul
animal, animālis, n. “I-stem.”	animal
animus, animī, m.	mind (singular); passions (plural)
annus, annī, m.	year
ante + acc.	before
ante	beforehand; previously
appellō, appellāre, appellāvī, appellātus	to call; name
aqua, aquae, f.	water
arbitrium, arbitriī, n.	decision; judgment
argenteus, argentea, argenteum	(made of) silver “Derived from the noun argentum, argent-ī, n. ‘silver’.”
arma, armōrum, n.	weapons; arms “This word is only used in the plural.”
ars, artis, f. “I-stem.”	art; skill
atque / ac	and
audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus	to hear; listen to
aureus, aurea, aureum	(made of) gold; golden “Derived from the noun aurum, aur-ī, n. ‘gold’.”
auris, auris, f. “I-stem.”	ear
aut	or
autem	however; moreover “Never the first word in a clause.”
auxilium, auxiliī, n.	aid; help
bellum, bellī, n.	war
bene	well (as in ‘I feel well’, not a water source) “This always comes before a verb in Latin, not after it.”
beneficium, beneficiī, n.	favor; benefit
bonus, bona, bonum	good
cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsus	to fall
caecus, caeca, caecum	blind
caedēs, caedis, f.	slaughter; killing
caelum, caelī, n.	sky; heaven
Caesar, Caesaris, m.	Caesar
canis, canis, m./f. “I-stem.”	dog
capiō, capere, cēpī, captus	to take; pick up
caput, capitis, n.	head; person; animal “The latter meanings are similar in English: ‘count heads’, ‘heads of cattle’.”
cārus, cāra, cārum	precious; dear
castra, castrōrum, n.	(military) camp “This word is only used in the plural, but it is usually singular in meaning.”
cāsus, cāsūs, m.	chance event; accident; misfortune “The ablative cāsū means ‘by chance’.”
causa, causae, f.	cause
caveō, cavēre, cāvī, cautus	to beware of “The imperative is often spelled cave.”
cēdō, cēdere, cessī, cessus	to yield “This verb often takes a dative word that specifies the person (or thing) to whom the subject yields.”
centum	one hundred
cernō, cernere, crēvī, crētus	to notice
cēterum	however
cīvis, cīvis, m. / f. “I-stem.”	citizen
cīvitās, cīvitātis, f.	state; citizenship
clārus, clāra, clārum	bright; clear; distinguished
coepī, coepisse, coeptus	to have begun
cōgitō, cōgitāre, cōgitāvī, cōgitātus	to think; plan
cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctus	to force; compel
commodus, commoda, commodum	convenient; suitable
condō, condere, condidī, conditus	to found; store
cōnsilium, cōnsiliī, n.	plan; advice; ability to plan; council
cōnsul, cōnsulis, m.	consul (the two highest elected officials at Rome)
contrā + acc.	against; to the contrary
cōpia, cōpiae, f.	abundance; plural: forces (e.g. of soldiers)
cor, cordis, n.	heart
cornū, cornūs, n.	horn
corpus, corporis, n.	body
cum	when
cum + abl.	with
cūnctus, cūncta, cūnctum	all; entire
cupīdō, cupīdinis, m.	desire; Cupid
cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītus	to desire
cūr	why?
cūra, cūrae, f.	care; concern “Not ‘cure’!”
currus, currūs, m.	chariot
dē + abl.	about; from
dea, deae, f.	goddess
dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitus	to need (to do something); to owe
dēficio, dēficere, dēfēcī, dēfectus	to fail; run out
deinde / dein	then
deus, deī, m. (Nominative plural is dī)	god
dextrā	on the right “This is short for manū dextrā, on the right hand.”
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictus	to say; call
diēs, diēī, m. / f.	day “The singular forms are sometimes feminine rather than masculine.”
difficilis, difficile	difficult
dignitās, dignitātis, f.	dignity
discēdō, discēdere, discessī, discessus	to depart
discō, discere, didicī	to learn
diū	for a long time
dīvīnus, dīvīna, dīvīnum	divine
dō, dare, dedī, datus	I give, to give
doceō, docēre, docuī, doctus	to teach
dolor, dolōris, m.	pain
dominus, dominī, m.	master; owner
domus, domūs or domī, f. (locative domī)	house; home “No preposition needed. This noun sometimes has second declension forms: e.g. domō ‘from home’.”
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductus	to lead; consider
dulcis, dulce	sweet
duo, duae, duo	two
dūrus, dūra, dūrum	harsh; hard
dux, ducis, m.	leader
ē / ex + abl.	out of; from; based on
enim	for (explaining why); indeed “This word almost always comes second in a sentence.”
eō, īre, īvī / iī, itus	to go
eques, equitis, m.	horseman; knight
ergō	so; therefore
errō, errāre, errāvī, errātus	to wander; make a mistake
error, errōris, m.	mistake
et	and
et… et	both… and
etiam; et	even “Notice how ‘et’ could be an adverb or the conjunction meaning ‘and’.”
etsī	even if
excipiō, excipere, excēpī, exceptus	to take out; receive
exemplum, exemplī, n.	example
exeō, exīre, exiī, exitus	to go out
exerceō, exercēre, exercuī, exercitus	to train (someone); practice (something)
exercitus, exercitūs, m.	army
faciēs, facieī, f.	face; appearance
facilis, facile	easy
facinus, facinoris, n.	crime; misdeed
faciō, facere, fēcī, factus	to make; do
falsus, falsa, falsum	false; deceptive
fāma, fāmae, f.	reputation; fame
familia, familiae, f.	family
fātum, fātī, n.	fate
fēmina, fēminae, f.	woman
ferē	almost; about
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus	to carry; bring; bear; report “Ut ferunt, ‘as they say’, is a common phrase.”
ferrum, ferrī, n.	sword; iron
fidēs, fideī, f.	trust; trustworthiness
fīlia, fīliae, f.	daughter
fīlius, fīliī, m.	son
fīnis, fīnis, f. “I-stem.”	end; goal; plural: territory
fīō, fierī	to happen; become; be made “When this verb means ‘become’ or ‘be made’, it can have a nominative subject and a nominative predicate, like sum, esse, fuī does. The present infinitive form is irregular.”
fleō, flēre, flēvī, flētus	to weep; weep for
fluctus, fluctūs, m.	wave
flūmen, flūminis, n.	river
fōrma, fōrmae, f.	beauty; appearance
forte	by chance
fortis, forte	brave
fortūna, fortūnae, f.	fortune
frangō, frangere, frēgī, frāctus	to break
frōns, frontis, f.	forehead; front
frūstrā	in vain
fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitus	to flee
furor, furōris, m.	madness
geminī	twins (male)
gēns, gentis, f. “I-stem.”	family line; clan; nation
gerō, gerere, gessī, gestus	to wear; conduct “This verb is often idiomatic: bellum gerere means ‘to wage war’; rem gerere means ‘to carry out a task’.”
glōria, glōriae, f.	glory
habeō, habēre, habuī, habitus	to have; to hold
hic, haec, hoc	this; these
homō, hominis, m. / f.	human being; person
honor, honōris, m.	honor
hostis, hostis, m. “I-stem.”	enemy (foreign)
hūmānus, hūmāna, hūmānum	human
iaceō, iacēre, iacuī, iacitus	to lie “As in: to lie on the ground.”
iam	now; already
īdem, eadem, idem	the same
igitur	then; therefore
ignis, ignis, m. “I-stem.”	fire “The ablative singular is ignī.”
ille, illa, illud	that; those
imāgō, imāginis, f.	image
immō or immō vērō	actually “Introduces a qualification or contradiction.”
imperium, imperiī, n.	command; empire
impudīcus, impudīca, impudīcum	immodest
in + acc.	into (a place); against (someone/thing); for (a purpose)
in + abl.	in; on; in the case of
incipiō, incipere, incēpī, inceptus	to begin
incommodus, incommoda, incommodum	inconvenient; unsuitable
ingenium, ingeniī, n.	talent
ingēns, ingentis	huge
inimīcitia, inimīcitiae, f.	hostility
inimīcus, inimīcī, m.	enemy, “A personal enemy – an ‘unfriend’.”
inquam; inquis; inquit (1st, 2nd, 3rd sg.)	I say; you say; he/she/it says “This verb is used parenthetically to introduce a quotation or to emphasize a repeated word.”
intellegō, intellegere, intellēxī, intellēctus	to understand
inter + acc.	among
intereō, interīre, interiī, interitus	to die; vanish; be destroyed
intrō, intrāre, intrāvī, intrātus	to enter
inveniō, invenīre, invēnī, inventus	to find; discover
ipse, ipsa, ipsum	himself; herself; itself; themselves; the actual; the very
īra, īrae, f.	anger
itaque	and so; therefore
iter, itineris, n.	journey
iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussus	to order
iūdicium, iūdiciī, n.	judgment
iūs, iūris, n.	justice
iuvenis, iuvenis, m./f.	young person; (a) youth “This word is usually masculine, referring to a young man or men.”
iuvō, iuvāre, iūvī, iūtus	to help “This verb often governs an infinitive, e.g., bona facere iuvat ‘it helps to do good things’.”
labor, labōris, m.	struggle; effort
lacrima, lacrimae, f.	tear
laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātus	to praise
laus, laudis, f.	praise
levis, leve	light; trivial
lēx, lēgis, f.	law
līber, lībera, līberum	free “The masc. pl., līberī, līberōrum, is used substantively, meaning ‘children’.”
līberō, līberāre, līberāvī, līberātus	to free
lībertās, lībertātis, f.	freedom
līmen, līminis, n.	threshold
lingua, linguae, f.	tongue; language
littera, litterae, f.	letter (of the alphabet); plural: literature; a letter (piece of mail)
lītus, lītoris, n.	shore
locus, locī, m.	place
longē	far; by far
lūmen, lūminis, n.	light; lamp; eye “Lūx is light, whereas lūmen is what makes light.”
lūx, lūcis, f.	light
magis quam	more than
magnus, magna, magnum	great
malus, mala, malum	bad
maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsus	to remain; stay; await
manus, manūs, f.	hand
mare, maris, n. “I-stem.”	sea
māter, mātris, f.	mother
maximus, maxima, maximum	greatest
medius, media, medium	middle, the middle of “The adjective medius often comes before a noun that it agrees with; when it does, translate it as ‘the middle of’: ex mediā urbe, ‘out of the middle of the city’.”
membrum, membrī, n.	limb
meminī, meminisse	to remember; to remember how to
mēns, mentis, f. “I-stem.”	mind; will
meus, mea, meum	my
mīles, mīlitis, m.	soldier
mīlle; pl. mīlia	a thousand (sg.), thousands (pl.)
minus quam	less than
mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum	to admire; wonder at
misceō, miscēre, miscuī, mixtus	to mix; confuse; confound
miser, misera, miserum	miserable
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missus	to send; let go
modus, modī, m.	measure; limit
moenia, moenium, n. “I-stem.”	walls (of a city) “This word only exists in the plural.”
mollis, molle	soft
mora, morae, f.	delay
morior, morī, mortuus sum	to die
mors, mortis, f. “I-stem.”	death
mōs, mōris, m.	custom (singular); behavior (plural)
moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtus	to move
mox	soon
mulier, mulieris, f.	woman
multus, multa, multum	much; many “Usually ‘much’ if singular, ‘many’ if plural.”
mūnus, mūneris, n.	gift; service; duty
mūtō, mūtāre, mūtāvī, mūtātus	to change
nam	for (explaining why)
nāscor, nāscī, nātus sum	to be born; grow
nātūra, nātūrae, f.	nature
nātus, nāta, nātum	born “The masc. and fem., nātus, nātī and nāta, nātae, are often used substantively, meaning ‘child’. The adjective plus a numeral and annōs means ‘N years of age’.”
-ne	“Introduces a yes-or-no question; it is attached to the first word of the question.”
nec / neque	nor
nec… nec	neither… nor
necessitās, necessitātis, f.	necessity
negōtium, negōtiī, n.	business
neque… neque	neither… nor
nesciō, nescīre, nescīvī, nescītus	to not know; not know how to (with inf.)
nīl / nihil	nothing
nisi	unless; except
nōbilis, nōbile	famous; distinguished; noble
nōmen, nōminis, n.	name
nōmen mihi est	my name is
nōn	not “The word nōn is normally put before the verb in Latin.”
nōnne	not? “This is nōn plus -ne. The speaker expects a ‘yes’ answer: Nōnne bonus sum? ‘Am I not good?’, ‘Aren’t I good?’
noster, nostra, nostrum	our
nōtus, nōta, nōtum	familiar; known
nox, noctis, f. “I-stem.”	night
nūllus, nūlla, nūllum (gen. sg. nūllīus; dat. sg. nūllī)	no; not any
nūmen, nūminis, n.	divinity
numerus, numerī, m.	number
numquam	never
nunc	now
ob + acc.	facing; in front of; because of
occīdō, occīdere, occīdī, occīsus	to strike dead; kill
oculus, oculī, m.	eye
ōdī, ōdisse	to hate “Like meminī, this verb has perfect tense forms with present meaning.”
officium, officiī, n.	duty
omnis, omne	every (sg.), all (pl.)
oppidum, oppidī, n.	town; city
opprimō, opprimere, oppressī, oppressus	to push down; overpower
opus, operis, n.	work
orbis, orbis, m. “I-stem.”	circle
ōrdō, ōrdinis, m.	rank; order
orior, orīrī, ortus sum	to rise; arise
ōs, ōris, n.	face; mouth
ōtium, ōtiī, n.	leisure
paene	almost
parcō, parcere, pepercī, parsus + dat.	to spare; save “The object of this verb will be in the dative.”
parēns, parentis, m. / f.	parent
parō, parāre, parāvī, parātus	to prepare; acquire
pars, partis, f. “I-stem.”	part
parum	not enough; not
pater, patris, m.	father
patior, patī, passus sum	to suffer; allow
patria, patriae, f.	country
paucī, paucae, pauca	few “This word is only used in the plural.”
pāx, pācis, f.	peace
peccō, peccāre, peccāvī, peccātus	to do a wrong; sin “The neuter perfect passive participle is a substantive: ‘a wrong; a sin’.”
pectus, pectoris, n.	chest; heart “The place where you feel emotion.”
per + acc.	through
perdō, perdere, perdidī, perditus	to ruin; destroy; lose
perīculum, perīculī, n.	danger
pēs, pedis, m.	foot
petō, petere, petīvī / petiī, petītus	to seek; aim for
pingō, pingere, pinxī, pictus	to paint
plūs quam	more than
poena, poenae, f.	penalty; punishment
pondus, ponderis, n.	weight
pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positus	to put; place; lay (something) down
populus, populī, m.	people
possum, posse, potuī	to be able; can
post + accusative	after; behind
post	afterward
potestās, potestātis, f.	power
precor, precārī, precātus sum	to pray
premō, premere, pressī, pressus	to press; stand upon; oppress
princeps, principis, m.	leader; chief
prō + abl.	instead of; on behalf of; in front of
pudīcitia, pudīcitiae, f.	(sexual) modesty; chastity
pudīcus, pudīca, pudīcum	modest; chaste
pudor, pudōris, m.	shame; sense of decency
puella, puellae, f.	girl
puer, puerī, m.	boy
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum	attractive
putō, putāre, putāvī, putātus	to think; reckon
quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī / quaesiī, quaesītus	to search for; ask
quam	how (with an adjective) “Be careful: quam could also be the feminine accusative singular relative pronoun. If quam is not followed by an adjective, then it is probably the relative pronoun.”
quandō	since; when
quārē	how?; why?
-que	and
quemadmodum	just as; how
quī, quae, quod	who; which (whose; to/for whom; whom, etc.)
quia	because
quidem	indeed “Usually placed after the word it emphasizes.”
quis (m. / f.), quid (n.)	who?; what?
quisquam (m., f.), quicquam/quidquam (n.)	anyone; anything “This word is formed like the interrogative quis, quid, plus the suffix -quam.”
quisquis	whoever
quoque	too
rapiō, rapere, rapuī, raptus	to seize; to hurry along
ratiō, ratiōnis, f.	reason; method
redeō, redīre, rediī, reditus	to return
rēgnum, rēgnī, n.	kingdom
relinquō, relinquere, relīquī, relictus	to leave behind; abandon
rēs, reī, f.	thing; fact; matter; property
rēs gestae, rērum gestārum, f.	achievements (plural) “Literally, things (rēs) accomplished (gestae)”
rēs pūblica, reī pūblicae, f.	republic; commonwealth
rēx, rēgis, m.	king
rīdeō, rīdēre, rīsī, rīsus	to laugh; smile; laugh at
rogō, rogāre, rogāvī, rogātus	to ask
Rōma, Rōmae, f. (locative Rōmae)	Rome “No preposition needed.”
Rōmānus, Rōmāna, Rōmānum	Roman
rūrsus	again
rūs, rūris, n. (locative rūrī or rūre)	countryside “No preposition needed.”
saepe	often
saevus, saeva, saevum	savage
sanguis, sanguinis, m.	blood
sapiēns, sapientis, m.	wise man
satis	enough “Satin is short for satisne at the start of a question.”
saxum, saxī, n.	rock
sciō, scīre, scīvī, scītus	to know; know how to (with infinitive)
scrībō, scrībere, scrīpsī, scrīptus	to write
sed	but
sēdēs, sēdis, f. “I-stem.”	seat; dwelling; abode
semper	always
senātus, senātūs, m.	Senate
sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsus	to sense; feel
sepulchrum, sepulchrī, n.	tomb
sequor, sequī, secūtus sum	to follow
servō, servāre, servāvī, servātus	to save; preserve “Note: this does not mean ‘to serve’!”
servus, servī, m.	slave
sī	if
sī fierī potest	if it is possible
sīc	thus; so
sīdus, sīderis, n.	star
signum, signī, n.	sign; flag
sine + abl.	without
sinistrā	on the left
sōl, sōlis, m.	sun
sōlus, sōla, sōlum (gen. sg. sōlīus; dat. sg. sōlī)	alone; only
solvō, solvere, solvī, solūtus	to release; dissolve
somnium, somniī, n.	dream
somnus, somnī, m.	sleep
spectō, spectāre, spectāvī, spectātus	to watch
spērō, spērāre, spērāvī, spērātus	to hope
spēs, spēī, f.	hope
stō, stāre, stetī, status	to stand
studium, studiī, n.	enthusiasm; zeal
sub + abl. / acc.	under; below; beneath
suī (gen.), sibi (dat.), sē (acc., abl.)	himself; herself; itself; themselves
sum, esse, fuī	to be
sūmō, sūmere, sūmpsī, sūmptus	to take up; assume
super + acc.	above; over “Also used as an adverb, meaning ‘overhead’, ‘above’.”
superus, supera, superum	high; above
supplicium, suppliciī, n.	punishment; supplication
suus, sua, suum	his own; her own; its own; their own
taceō, tacēre, tacuī, tacitus	to be silent
tam	so
tam… quam	so… as…
tantum	only; just
tardus, tarda, tardum	late; slow
tempus, temporis, n.	time
teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus	to hold; occupy; control
terra, terrae, f.	earth; land
testis, testis, m. / f. “I-stem.”	witness
timeō, timēre, timuī	to fear
timor, timōris, m.	fear
tot	so many
tōtus, tōta, tōtum (gen. sg. tōtīus; dat. sg. tōtī)	whole; entire; all
trādō, trādere, trādidī, trāditus	to hand over; hand down
trīstis, trīste	sad; sorrowful; gloomy; depressing
tunc	then
turpis, turpe	ugly; shameful
tūtus, tūta, tūtum	safe
tuus, tua, tuum	your
ubi	when; where
ūllus, ūlla, ūllum (gen. sg. ūllīus; dat. sg. ūllī)	any
umbra, umbrae, f.	shadow; shade; ghost
unda, undae, f.	wave
ūnus, ūna, ūnum (gen. sg. ūnīus; dat. sg. ūnī)	one “Notice the irregular endings for the genitive and dative singular. Otherwise, it is a normal US-A-UM adjective.”
urbs, urbis, f. “I-stem.”	city
usque	all the way; up to; continually
ut	as; when
uterque, utraque, utrumque (gen. sg. utriusque; dat. sg. utrīque)	each (of two); either; both “The element -que is a suffix, so the case ‘ending’ is in middle of this word.”
valeō, valēre, valuī, valitus	to be strong “You only need one Latin word to translate the two English words ‘be strong’!”
varius, varia, varium	various; multicolored
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventus	to come
vērus, vēra, vērum	true; real
vester, vestra, vestrum	your (belonging to you all)
vestigium, vestigiī, n.	trace; footprint
vestis, vestis, f. “I-stem.”	clothing
via, viae, f.	road; journey
victor, victōris, m.	conqueror; victor
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsus	to see
videor, vidērī (passive of videō, vidēre)	to seem; to appear; to seem right
vincō, vincere, vīcī, victus	to conquer
vir, virī, m.	man
virgō, virginis, f.	young woman; virgin; maiden
virtūs, virtūtis, f.	virtue
vīs, vīrium (gen. pl.), f. ; vim (acc. sg.), vī (abl. sg.) “Irregular I-stem.”	force; strength; power
vīta, vītae, f.	life
vitium, vitiī, n.	vice; flaw
vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctus	to live
vocō, vocāre, vocāvī, vocātus	to call
volucer, volucris, volucre	flying; winged
voluptās, voluptātis, f.	pleasure
vōx, vōcis, f.	voice; word
vulnus, vulneris, n. “Also spelled vol-”	wound
vultus, vultūs, m.	(facial) expression

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Dream of Latin Copyright © 2020 by Phil Thibodeau; A. Sebastian Anderson; and Emily Fairey is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.