Chapter 14: Biopsychology of Psychological Disorders

Parts of this chapter were adapted from:

Barlow, D. H. & Ellard, K. K. (2023). Anxiety and related disorders. In R. Biswas-Diener & E. Diener (Eds.), Noba textbook series: Psychology. Champaign, IL: DEF publishers. Retrieved from http://noba.to/xms3nq2c

Gershon, A. & Thompson, R. (2023). Mood disorders. In R. Biswas-Diener & E. Diener (Eds.), Noba textbook series: Psychology. Champaign, IL: DEF publishers. Retrieved from http://noba.to/aqy9rsxe

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). 10.4 Emotion. In Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/10-4-emotion

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). 15.1 What Are Psychological Disorders? In Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/15-1-what-are-psychological-disorders

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). 15.2 Diagnosing and Classifying Psychological Disorders. In Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/15-2-diagnosing-and-classifying-psychological-disorders

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). 15.3 Perspectives on Psychological Disorders. In Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/15-3-perspectives-on-psychological-disorders

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). 15.4 Anxiety Disorders. In Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/15-4-anxiety-disorders

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). 15.5 Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders. In Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/15-5-obsessive-compulsive-and-related-disorders

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). 15.7 Mood and Related Disorders. In Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/15-7-mood-and-related-disorders

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). 15.8 Schizophrenia. In Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/15-8-schizophrenia

Duboc, B. (2002). The Brain from Top to Bottom (n.d.). Retrieved on June 1, 2023 from https://thebrain.mcgill.ca/

References for Psychological Disorders

Abi‐Dargham, A., Moeller, S. J., Ali, F., DeLorenzo, C., Domschke, K., Horga, G., … & Krystal, J. H. (2023). Candidate biomarkers in psychiatric disorders: state of the field. World Psychiatry, 22(2), 236-262.

Abramowitz, J. S., & Siqueland, L. (2013). Obsessive-compulsive disorder. In L. G. Castonguay & T. F. Oltmanns (Eds.), Psychopathology: From science to clinical practice (pp. 143–171). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Ahmari, S. E., & Rauch, S. L. (2022). The prefrontal cortex and OCD. Neuropsychopharmacology, 47(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-021-01130-2

Alonso, P., Cuadras, D., Gabriëls, L., Denys, D., Goodman, W., Greenberg, B. D., … & Menchon, J. M. (2015). Deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis of treatment outcome and predictors of response. PloS one, 10(7), e0133591.

Altshuler, L., Bookheimer, S., Townsend, J., Proenza, M. A., Sabb, F., Mintz, J., & Cohen, M. S. (2008). Regional brain changes in bipolar I depression: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Bipolar Disorders, 10(6), 708–717. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5618.2008.00617.x

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC..

American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.). Arlington, VA

Arnau-Soler, A., Adams, M. J., Clarke, T. K., MacIntyre, D. J., Milburn, K., Navrady, L., … & Thomson, P. A. (2019). A validation of the diathesis-stress model for depression in Generation Scotland. Translational Psychiatry, 9(1), 25.

Banerjee, S. B., Morrison, F. G., & Ressler, K. J. (2017). Genetic approaches for the study of PTSD: Advances and challenges. Neuroscience Letters, 649, 139-146.

Barlow, D. H., Raffa, S. D., & Cohen, E. M. (2002). Psychosocial treatments for panic disorders, phobias, and generalized anxiety disorder. In A guide to treatments that work, 2nd ed (pp. 301–335). Oxford University Press.

Beucke, J. C., Sepulcre, J., Talukdar, T., Linnman, C., Zschenderlein, K., Endrass, T., Kaufmann, C., & Kathmann, N. (2013). Abnormally High Degree Connectivity of the Orbitofrontal Cortex in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. JAMA Psychiatry, 70(6), 619–629. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.173

Birur, B., Kraguljac, N. V., Shelton, R. C., & Lahti, A. C. (2017). Brain structure, function, and neurochemistry in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder—a systematic review of the magnetic resonance neuroimaging literature. NPJ Schizophrenia, 3(1), 15.

Bolton, D., Rijsdijk, F., O’Connor, T. G., Perrin, S., & Eley, T. C. (2007). Obsessive–compulsive disorder, tics and anxiety in 6-year-old twins. Psychological Medicine, 37(1), 39–48. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291706008816

Bremner, J. D. (2006). The Relationship Between Cognitive and Brain Changes in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1071(1), 80–86. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1364.008

Bremner, J. D., & Vermetten, E. (2004). Neuroanatomical Changes Associated with Pharmacotherapy in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1032(1), 154–157. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1314.012

Carlsson, A., & Lindqvist, M. (2009). Effect of Chlorpromazine or Haloperidol on Formation of 3-Methoxytyramine and Normetanephrine in Mouse Brain. Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica, 20(2), 140–144. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0773.1963.tb01730.x

Castonguay, L. G., & Oltmanns, T. F. (2013). Psychopathology: From Science to Clinical Practice. Guilford Publications.

Clewett, D., & Murty, V. P. (2019). Echoes of Emotions Past: How Neuromodulators Determine What We Recollect. ENeuro, 6(2), ENEURO.0108-18.2019. https://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0108-18.2019

Correll, C. U., & Schooler, N. R. (2020). Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia: A Review and Clinical Guide for Recognition, Assessment, and Treatment. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 16, 519–534. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S225643

Craik, F. I. M., Govoni, R., Naveh-Benjamin, M., & Anderson, N. D. (1996). The effects of divided attention on encoding and retrieval processes in human memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 125(2), 159–180. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.125.2.159

Davidson, B. L., Gao, G., Berry-Kravis, E., Bradbury, A. M., Bönnemann, C., Buxbaum, J. D., … & Sahin, M. (2022). Gene-based therapeutics for rare genetic neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. Molecular Therapy, 30(7), 2416-2428.

Davis, K. L., Kahn, R. S., Ko, G., & Davidson, M. (1991). Dopamine in schizophrenia: A review and reconceptualization. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 148(11), 1474–1486. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.148.11.1474

Del-Ben, C. M., Ferreira, C. A., Sanchez, T. A., Alves-Neto, W. C., Guapo, V. G., de Araujo, D. B., & Graeff, F. G. (2012). Effects of diazepam on BOLD activation during the processing of aversive faces. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 26(4), 443-451.

American Psychiatric Association (2022). Diagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR).  https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787

DiGrande, L., Perrin, M. A., Thorpe, L. E., Thalji, L., Murphy, J., Wu, D., Farfel, M., & Brackbill, R. M. (2008). Posttraumatic stress symptoms, PTSD, and risk factors among lower Manhattan residents 2–3 years after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21(3), 264–273. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20345

Easterbrook, J. A. (1959). The effect of emotion on cue utilization and the organization of behavior. Psychological Review, 66(3), 183–201. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0047707

Eichenbaum, H. (2001). The hippocampus and declarative memory: cognitive mechanisms and neural codes. Behavioural Brain Research, 127(1-2), 199-207.

Ellicott, A., Hammen, C., Gitlin, M., Brown, G., & Jamison, K. (1990). Life events and the course of bipolar disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 147(9), 1194–1198. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.147.9.1194

Etkin, A., & Wager, T. D. (2007). Functional neuroimaging of anxiety: a meta-analysis of emotional processing in PTSD, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(10), 1476–1488.

Etkin, A. (2010). Functional neuroanatomy of anxiety: A neural circuit perspective. In M.B. Stein and T. Steckler (Eds.), Behavioral Neurobiology of Anxiety and Its Treatment (pp. 251-277). Springer-Verlag.

Fan, T., Hu, Y., Xin, J., Zhao, M., & Wang, J. (2020). Analyzing the genes and pathways related to major depressive disorder via a systems biology approach. Brain and Behavior, 10(2), e01502.

Feusner, J. D., Townsend, J., Bystritsky, A., & Bookheimer, S. (2007). Visual Information Processing of Faces in Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(12), 1417. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.64.12.1417

Goldstein, R. B., Smith, S. M., Chou, S. P., Saha, T. D., Jung, J., Zhang, H., Pickering, R. P., Ruan, W. J., Huang, B., & Grant, B. F. (2016). The epidemiology of DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51(8), 1137–1148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-016-1208-5

Graybiel, A. M., & Rauch, S. L. (2000). Toward a Neurobiology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Neuron, 28(2), 343–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(00)00113-6

Grillon, C., & Morgan, C. (1999). Fear-potentiated startle conditioning to explicit and contextual cues in Gulf War veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 134–142. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.108.1.134

Hassel, S., Almeida, J. R., Kerr, N., Nau, S., Ladouceur, C. D., Fissell, K., Kupfer, D. J., & Phillips, M. L. (2008). Elevated striatal and decreased dorsolateral prefrontal cortical activity in response to emotional stimuli in euthymic bipolar disorder: No associations with psychotropic medication load. Bipolar Disorders, 10(8), 916–927. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5618.2008.00641.x

Hayes, J. P., LaBar, K. S., McCarthy, G., Selgrade, E., Nasser, J., Dolcos, F., & Morey, R. A. (2011). Reduced hippocampal and amygdala activity predicts memory distortions for trauma reminders in combat-related PTSD. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45(5), 660-669.

Herdade, K. C. P., de Andrade Strauss, C. V., Júnior, H. Z., & de Barros Viana, M. (2006). Effects of medial amygdala inactivation on a panic-related behavior. Behavioural Brain Research, 172(2), 316-323.

Hettema, J. M., Neale, M. C., & Kendler, K. S. (2001). A review and meta-analysis of the genetic epidemiology of anxiety disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(10), 1568-1578.

Horga, G., Bernacer, J., Dusi, N., Entis, J., Chu, K., Hazlett, E. A., … & Buchsbaum, M. S. (2011). Correlations between ventricular enlargement and gray and white matter volumes of cortex, thalamus, striatum, and internal capsule in schizophrenia. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 261, 467-476.

Howes, O. D., & Kapur, S. (2009). The Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia: Version III—The Final Common Pathway. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 35(3), 549–562. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbp006

Insel, T., Cuthbert, B., Garvey, M., Heinssen, R., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K., Sanislow, C., & Wang, P. (2010). Research domain criteria (RDoC): toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(7), 748–751. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09091379

Isaacowitz, D. M., Gershon, A., Allard, E. S., & Johnson, S. L. (2013). Emotion in Aging and Bipolar Disorder: Similarities, Differences, and Lessons for Further Research. Emotion Review, 5(3), 312–320. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073912472244

Johnson, S. L. (2005). Mania and dysregulation in goal pursuit: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 25(2), 241–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2004.11.002

Johnson, S. L., Cueller, A. K., Ruggero, C., Winett-Perlman, C., Goodnick, P., White, R., & Miller, I. (2008). Life Events as Predictors of Mania and Depression in Bipolar I Disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117(2), 268–277. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.117.2.268

Johnson, S., Winett, C., Meyer, B., Greenhouse, W., & Miller, I. (1999). Social support and course of bipolar disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 558–566. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.108.4.558

Juárez Olguín, H., Calderón Guzmán, D., Hernández García, E., & Barragán Mejía, G. (2016). The Role of Dopamine and Its Dysfunction as a Consequence of Oxidative Stress. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2016, 9730467. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9730467

Kapur, S. (2003). Psychosis as a state of aberrant salience: a framework linking biology, phenomenology, and pharmacology in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(1), 13-23.

Karunakaran, K. B., & Amemori, K. I. (2023). Spatiotemporal expression patterns of anxiety disorder-associated genes. Translational Psychiatry, 13(1), 385.

Kendler, K. S., Fiske, A., Gardner, C. O., & Gatz, M. (2009). Delineation of two genetic pathways to major depression. Biological Psychiatry, 65(9), 808-811.

Kensinger, E. A. (2009). Remembering the Details: Effects of Emotion. Emotion Review, 1(2), 99–113. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073908100432

Kessler, R. C., Brandenburg, N., Lane, M., Roy-Byrne, P., Stang, P. D., Stein, D. J., & Wittchen, H.-U. (2005). Rethinking the duration requirement for generalized anxiety disorder: Evidence from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Psychological Medicine, 35(7), 1073–1082. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291705004538

Kessler, R. C., Ruscio, A. M., Shear, K., & Wittchen, H.-U. (2010). Epidemiology of anxiety disorders. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, 2, 21–35.

Kopell, B. H., & Greenberg, B. D. (2008). Anatomy and physiology of the basal ganglia: Implications for DBS in psychiatry. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 32(3), 408–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.07.004

Kraguljac, N. V., McDonald, W. M., Widge, A. S., Rodriguez, C. I., Tohen, M., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2021). Neuroimaging biomarkers in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 178(6), 509-521.

Krystal, J. (2021). Potential Schizophrenia Medications Point to New Disease Model. Psychiatric News. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2021.11.37

LaBar, K. S., & Cabeza, R. (2006). Cognitive neuroscience of emotional memory. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1825

Lennox, B. R., Jacob, R., Calder, A. J., Lupson, V., & Bullmore, E. T. (2004). Behavioural and neurocognitive responses to sad facial affect are attenuated in patients with mania. Psychological Medicine, 34(5), 795–802. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291704002557

Levy-Gigi, E., Szabó, C., Kelemen, O., & Kéri, S. (2013). Association Among Clinical Response, Hippocampal Volume, and FKBP5 Gene Expression in Individuals with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Receiving Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Biological Psychiatry, 74(11), 793–800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.05.017

Lichtenstein, P., Yip, B. H., Björk, C., Pawitan, Y., Cannon, T. D., Sullivan, P. F., &  Hultman, C. M. (2009). Common genetic determinants of schizophrenia and  bipolar disorder in Swedish families: a population-based study. The Lancet,  373(9659), 234-239.

Malkoff-Schwartz, S., Frank, E., Anderson, B., Sherrill, J. T., Siegel, L., Patterson, D., & Kupfer, D. J. (1998). Stressful Life Events and Social Rhythm Disruption in the Onset of Manic and Depressive Bipolar Episodes: A Preliminary Investigation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55(8), 702–707. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.55.8.702

Mataix-Cols, D., Frost, R. O., Pertusa, A., Clark, L. A., Saxena, S., Leckman, J. F., Stein, D. J., Matsunaga, H., & Wilhelm, S. (2010). Hoarding disorder: A new diagnosis for DSM-V? Depression and Anxiety, 27(6), 556–572. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20693

McGuffin, P., Rijsdijk, F., Andrew, M., Sham, P., Katz, R., & Cardno, A. (2003). The Heritability of Bipolar Affective Disorder and the Genetic Relationship to Unipolar Depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(5), 497–502. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.5.497

McLean, S. A., Ressler, K., Koenen, K. C., Neylan, T., Germine, L., Jovanovic, T., Clifford, G. D., Zeng, D., An, X., Linnstaedt, S., Beaudoin, F., House, S., Bollen, K. A., Musey, P., Hendry, P., Jones, C. W., Lewandowski, C., Swor, R., Datner, E., … Kessler, R. (2020). The AURORA Study: A Longitudinal, Multimodal Library of Brain Biology and Function after Traumatic Stress Exposure. Molecular Psychiatry, 25(2), 283–296. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0581-3

Meltzer, H. Y., & Stahl, S. M. (1976). The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: A review. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 2(1), 19–76. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/2.1.19

Naegeli, C., Zeffiro, T., Piccirelli, M., Jaillard, A., Weilenmann, A., Hassanpour, K., … & Mueller-Pfeiffer, C. (2018). Locus coeruleus activity mediates hyperresponsiveness in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 83(3), 254-262.

National Comorbidity Survey. (2007). NCS-R lifetime prevalence estimates [Data file]. Retrieved from http://www.hcp.med.harvard.edu/ncs/index.php

Nestadt, G., Samuels, J., Riddle, M., Iii, O. J. B., Liang, K.-Y., LaBuda, M., Walkup, J., Grados, M., & Hoehn-Saric, R. (2000). A Family Study of Obsessive-compulsive Disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57(4), 358-363.

Norberg, M. M., Calamari, J. E., Cohen, R. J., & Riemann, B. C. (2008). Quality of life in obsessive-compulsive disorder: An evaluation of impairment and a preliminary analysis of the ameliorating effects of treatment. Depression and Anxiety, 25(3), 248–259. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20298

Norrholm, S. D., & Jovanovic, T. (2018). Fear Processing, Psychophysiology, and PTSD. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 26(3), 129. https://doi.org/10.1097/HRP.0000000000000189

Nuss, P. (2015). Anxiety disorders and GABA neurotransmission: a disturbance of modulation. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 11, 165-175.

Olff M. (2017). Sex and gender differences in post-traumatic stress disorder: an update. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(sup4), 1351204. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1351204

Petrovic, P., Dietrich, T., Fransson, P., Andersson, J., Carlsson, K., & Ingvar, M. (2005). Placebo in emotional processing—induced expectations of anxiety relief activate a generalized modulatory network. Neuron, 46(6), 957-969.

Phelps, E. A. (2004). Human emotion and memory: Interactions of the amygdala and hippocampal complex. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 14(2), 198–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2004.03.015

Phillips, K. A. (2005). The Broken Mirror: Understanding and Treating Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Oxford University Press.

Pruessner, M., Cullen, A. E., Aas, M., & Walker, E. F. (2017). The neural diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia revisited: An update on recent findings considering illness stage and neurobiological and methodological complexities. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 73, 191-218.

Pycock, C. J., Kerwin, R. W., & Carter, C. J. (1980). Effect of lesion of cortical dopamine terminals on subcortical dopamine receptors in rats. Nature, 286(5768), 74-77.

Rotge, J. Y., Guehl, D., Dilharreguy, B., Cuny, E., Tignol, J., Bioulac, B., … & Aouizerate, B. (2008). Provocation of obsessive–compulsive symptoms: A quantitative voxel-based meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 33(5), 405-412.

Rothschild, A. J. (1999). Mood disorders. In A. M. Nicholi, Jr. (Ed.), The Harvard guide to psychiatry (pp. 281–307). The Belknap Press of Harvard University.

Ruscio, A. M., Stein, D. J., Chiu, W. T., & Kessler, R. C. (2010). The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Molecular Psychiatry, 15(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2008.94

Rushworth, M. F. S., Noonan, M. P., Boorman, E. D., Walton, M. E., & Behrens, T. E. (2011). Frontal Cortex and Reward-Guided Learning and Decision-Making. Neuron, 70(6), 1054–1069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2011.05.014

Sanders, S. K., & Shekhar, A. (1995). Regulation of anxiety by GABAA receptors in the rat amygdala. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 52(4), 701-706.

Saxena, S., Bota, R. G., & Brody, A. L. (2001). Brain-behavior relationships in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 6(2), 82–101. https://doi.org/10.1053/scnp.2001.21833

Scatton, B., Worms, P., Lloyd, K. G., & Bartholini, G. (1982). Cortical modulation of striatal function. Brain Research, 232(2), 331-343.

Simon, D., Kaufmann, C., Müsch, K., Kischkel, E., & Kathmann, N. (2010). Fronto-striato-limbic hyperactivation in obsessive-compulsive disorder during individually tailored symptom provocation. Psychophysiology, 47(4), 728–738. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.00980.x

Southwick, S. M., Bremner, J. D., Rasmusson, A., Morgan III, C. A., Arnsten, A., & Charney, D. S. (1999). Role of norepinephrine in the pathophysiology and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 46(9), 1192-1204.

Stewart, S. E., & Pauls, D. L. (2010). The Genetics of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. FOCUS, 8(3), 350–357. https://doi.org/10.1176/foc.8.3.foc350

Straube, T., Glauer, M., Dilger, S., Mentzel, H. J., & Miltner, W. H. (2006). Effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy on brain activation in specific phobia. Neuroimage, 29(1), 125-135.

Tanriverdi, B., Gregory, D. F., Olino, T. M., Ely, T. D., Harnett, N. G., Van Rooij, S. J. H., Lebois, L. A. M., Seligowski, A. V., Jovanovic, T., Ressler, K. J., House, S. L., Beaudoin, F. L., An, X., Neylan, T. C., Clifford, G. D., Linnstaedt, S. D., Germine, L. T., Bollen, K. A., Rauch, S. L., … Murty, V. P. (2022). Hippocampal Threat Reactivity Interacts with Physiological Arousal to Predict PTSD Symptoms. The Journal of Neuroscience, 42(34), 6593–6604. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0911-21.2022

Thase, M. E. (2009). Neurobiological aspects of depression. Handbook of Depression, 2, 187-217.

Trevizol, A. P., Shiozawa, P., Cook, I. A., Sato, I. A., Kaku, C. B., Guimarães, F. B., … & Cordeiro, Q. (2016). Transcranial magnetic stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of ECT, 32(4), 262-266.

van Erp, T. G., Hibar, D. P., Rasmussen, J. M., Glahn, D. C., Pearlson, G. D., Andreassen, O. A., … & Turner, J. A. (2016). Subcortical brain volume abnormalities in 2028 individuals with schizophrenia and 2540 healthy controls via the ENIGMA consortium. Molecular Psychiatry, 21(4), 547-553.

van Erp, T. G., Walton, E., Hibar, D. P., Schmaal, L., Jiang, W., Glahn, D. C., … & Fatouros-Bergman, H. (2018). Cortical brain abnormalities in 4474 individuals with schizophrenia and 5098 control subjects via the enhancing neuro imaging genetics through meta analysis (ENIGMA) consortium. Biological Psychiatry, 84(9), 644-654.

Walker, E. F., & Diforio, D. (1997). Schizophrenia: a neural diathesis-stress model. Psychological Review, 104(4), 667.

Wang, Z., Neylan, T. C., Mueller, S. G., Lenoci, M., Truran, D., Marmar, C. R., Weiner, M. W., & Schuff, N. (2010). Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Hippocampal Subfields in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(3), 296–303. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.205

Weinberger, D. R., Berman, K. F., & Illowsky, B. P. (1988). Physiological dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia: III. A new cohort and evidence for a monoaminergic mechanism. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45(7), 609-615.

Wyatt, W. J., & Midkiff, D. M. (2006). Biological Psychiatry: A Practice in Search of a Science. Behavior and Social Issues, 15(2), 132–152. https://doi.org/10.5210/bsi.v15i2.372

Yehuda, R., Teicher, M. H., Trestman, R. L., Levengood, R. A., & Siever, L. J. (1996). Cortisol regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression: A chronobiological analysis. Biological Psychiatry, 40(2), 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(95)00451-3

License

Icon for the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License

Brain and Behavior Copyright © 2024 by Jill Grose-Fifer is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

Share This Book