5. Music of George Frideric Handel (1685–1759)

5.1 About George Frideric Handel

George Frideric Handel was one of the superstars of the late Baroque period. He was born the same year as another Baroque superstar, Johann Sebastian Bach, not more than 150 miles away in Halle, Germany. His father was an attorney and wanted his son to follow in his footsteps, but Handel decided that he wanted to be a musician instead. With the help of a local nobleman, he persuaded his father to agree. After learning the basics of composition, Handel journeyed to Italy to learn to write opera. Italy, after all, was the home of opera, and opera was the most popular musical entertainment of the day. After writing a few operas, he took a job in London, England, where Italian opera was very much the rage. He eventually established his own opera company and produced scores of Italian operas, which were initially very well received by the English public. After a decade or so, however, Italian opera in England lost popularity. Several opera companies there each competed for the public’s business. The divas who sang the main roles and whom the public bought their tickets to see demanded high salaries. In 1728, a librettist name John Gay and a composer named Johann Pepusch premiered a new sort of opera in London called ballad opera. It was sung entirely in English and its music was based on folk tunes known by most inhabitants of the British Isles. For the English public, the majority of whom had been attending Italian opera without understanding the language in which it was sung, the English language opera was a big hit. Both Handel’s opera company and his competitors fought for financial stability, and Handel had to find other ways to make a profit. He hit on the idea of writing English oratorio.

5.2 Oratorio

Oratorio is sacred opera that is not staged. Like operas, they are relatively long works, often spanning over two hours when performed in entirety. Like opera, oratorios are entirely sung to orchestral accompaniment. They feature recitatives, arias, and choruses, similar to opera. Most oratorios also tell the story of important characters from the Christian Bible. But oratorios are not acted out. Historically speaking, this is the reason that they exist. During the Baroque period at sacred times in the Christian church year such as Lent, stage entertainment was prohibited. The idea was that during Lent, individuals should be looking inward and preparing themselves for the death and resurrection of Christ, and attending plays and operas would distract from that. Nevertheless, individuals still wanted entertainment, hence, oratorios. These oratorios would be performed as concerts not in the church but because they were not acted out, they were perceived as not having a “detrimental” effect on the spiritual lives of those in the audience. The first oratorios were performed in Italy; then they spread elsewhere on the continent and to England.

Focus Composition: “Comfort Ye,” “Every Valley,” and the Hallelujah Chorus from Messiah

Handel realized how powerful ballad opera, sung in English, had been for the general population and started writing oratorios in the English language. He used the same music styles as he had in his operas, only including more choruses. In no time at all, his oratorios were being lauded as some of the most popular performances in London.

His most famous oratorio Messiah was first performed in 1741. About the life of Christ, it was written for a benefit concert to be held in Dublin, Ireland. Atypically, his librettist took the words for the oratorio straight from the King James Version of the Bible instead of putting the story into his own words. Once in Ireland, Handel assembled solo singers as well as a chorus of musical amateurs to sing the many choruses he wrote for the oratorio. There it was popular, if not controversial. One of the soloists was a woman who was a famous actress. Some critics remarked that it was inappropriate for a woman who normally performed on the stage to be singing words from sacred scripture. Others objected to sacred scripture being sung in a concert instead of in church. Perhaps influenced by these opinions, Messiah was performed only a few times during the 1740s. Since the end of the 18th century, however, it has been performed more than almost any other composition of classical music. While these issues may not seem controversial to us today, they remind us that people still disagree about how sacred texts should be used and about what sort of music should be used to set them.

We’ve included three numbers from Handel’s Messiah as part of our discussion of this focus composition: a recitative entitled “Comfort Ye,” directly followed by an aria entitled “Every Valley,” (the second and third numbers in the oratorio) and then the Hallelujah Chorus, the most famous number from the composition (the ending number of the second part of the three parts of the oratorio).

5.3 Orchestral Suite

Although Handel is perhaps best known today for his operas and oratorios, he also wrote a lot of instrumental music, from concertos to suites. Suites are compositions that consist of multiple contrasting movements. The idea is to provide diverse music in one composition that might be interesting for playing and listening. They can be written for solo instruments such as the harpsichord or violin, or for orchestral forces, which are called orchestral suites. The orchestral suites often begin with a movement called overture, which is modeled after the overtures played before operas, followed by stylized dance movements. A stylized dance movement is a piece of music that sounds like a dance but is not composed for dancing. In other words, a stylized dance uses the distinct characteristics of a dance and would be recognized as sounding like that dance but might be too long or too complicated to be danced to.

Dancing was very popular in the Baroque period, as it had been in the Middle Ages and Renaissance. We have several dancing textbooks from the Baroque period that mapped out the choreography for each dance. Some of the most popular dances include the saraband, gigue, minuet, and bourée. The saraband was a slow dance in triple meter, whereas the gigue (or jig) was a very fast dance with triple subdivisions of the beats. The minuet was also in triple time but danced at a much more stately tempo. The bourrée, on the other hand, was danced at a faster tempo, and always in duple meter.

Focus Composition: Bourée and Minuet from the Water Music Suite

When King George I asked Handel to compose music for an evening’s diversion, the suite was the genre to which Handel turned. This composition was for an event that started at 8 pm on Wednesday, the 17th of July, 1717. King George I and his noble guests would launch a barge ride up the Thames River to Chelsea. After disembarking and spending some time on shore, they re-boarded at 11 pm and returned via the river to Whitehall Palace, from whence they came. A contemporary newspaper remarked that the king and his guests occupied one barge while another held about fifty musicians, and reported that the king liked the music so much that he asked it to be repeated three times.

Many of the movements that were played for the occasion were written down and eventually published as three suites of music, each in a different key.  We do not know with certainty in what order these movements were played or exactly what instruments were used on that evening in 1717, but when the music was published in the late 18th century, it was scored for two trumpets, two horns, two oboes, first violins, second violins, violas, and basso continuo, which included a bassoon, cello(s), and harpsichord.

The bourée is fast and in duple time, whereas the minuet is in a triple meter at a more moderate tempo. They were composed of repeated strains or sections of melodies based on repeated motives. As written in the score, as well as interpreted today in the referenced recording, each of the different sections of the orchestra—the strings, woodwinds, and sometimes brass instruments—gets a time to shine, providing diverse timbres and thus musical interest.