23 Mindset and Persistence

Learning Objectives

In this section you will learn to:

• Define grit, perseverance, and a growth mindset, and contrast it to the concept of learned helplessness
• Understand how poverty, racism and other systemic issues can make learned helplessness a natural response to adversity
• Understand that grit, perseverance, and a growth mindset help you develop your skills
• Strategize how to develop your grit, perseverance, and a growth mindset for new skills

Reflective Questions

• Do you believe your skills and abilities are based on natural capacity, i.e., something you were born with?
• Do you believe that how well you learn to do anything has a limit?

If you answered “Yes” to either of the questions above, then learning new tasks and skills beyond your comfort zone may be challenging for you. You may even avoid taking the chance of learning something difficult because you figured, “It’s not for me,” and you may equate skill with talent. While talent may be the motivation for learning a skill for some, it is not the same as skill. Other words for talent are gift, flair, ability, or endowment. Talent is generally considered something you are born with, an innate or intrinsic quality. Synonyms for skill are proficiency, expertise, competency, adeptness, etc. A skill is something you can learn, and something you can improve. You may have a flair for painting landscapes or drawing graffiti, but that doesn’t make you a skilled painter or graffiti artist. For either art, you need to know about lighting, shading, brush strokes, paint types, etc., all of which take time to learn and master to earn the “skilled artist” title. Clearly, talent is not the same as skill. Your future employers likely know that there is a difference and tend to seek and hire skillful applicants over talented ones. You should also be aware and be clear about the differences between talent and skill. You are in college to learn to focus on your interests and to expand your intellect, and to develop the skills needed for your chosen major and career interests. In this chapter, we will explore the role that grit, perseverance, and a growth mindset play in developing your skills.

No task worth learning is ever easy. You may have a natural talent for something, but learning it in depth may be a long and arduous process. If you like math and generally do well with math, you may find some aspects of math more “fun” than others. You may love reducing fractions, but may find adding fractions boring and tedious. You may like solving algebraic equations or graphing but may cringe at the thought of solving word problems. Or, you may love creative writing but might not like proofreading your work for spelling, grammar issues, or style and formatting. Overall, you still consider yourself good at math or writing, not because they are necessarily easy to do, but precisely because you are challenged by them and are glad to meet those challenges and feel a sense of accomplishment by doing so. The things you love to do all have challenges. However, those challenges do not need to halt your progress. In fact, those challenges can make you better skilled at the things you love to do because of your grit, perseverance, and growth mindset. Grit, perseverance, and a growth mindset are the qualities and attitudes that help you learn successfully as they help you deal with difficult challenges and tasks.

Grit

Grit is a concept developed by the psychologist Angela Duckworth, who studied children and adult learners to discover that intelligence or talent did not necessarily determine success at learning a task. The concept of grit has been praised and criticized, and it’s important to understand it to tease out its limitations and possible areas of usefulness.

Studying individuals in various environments (including school and the workplace), Duckworth’s initial findings showed that neither overall intelligence nor other factors like “good looks” were the most significant predictors of individual success. Instead, she found that grit – “passion and perseverance for very long term goals” – was the most decisive factor in determining success. Critics have pointed out the Duckworth ignores significant predictors of success that are outside a person’s control, such as a family’s zip code or income level.

Angela Duckworth’s five characteristics of grit:

1. Courage: Gritty people are not afraid of failure. They welcome failure as part of the growth process. They brush themselves off and try again using what they learned from the experience of failure. Many people freeze up because they fear failure. Gritty people live by the words of Eleanor Roosevelt: “Do something that scares you everyday.”
2. Conscientiousness: Gritty people are meticulous while also achievement-oriented. They strive to do the best they possibly can and are tenacious. Gritty people do not complete just the minimum requirements of any task, they put their all into what they do and deliberately make the best effort possible at all times.
3. Commitment and focus on long-term goals: Gritty people find value and meaning in the effort that it takes to reach a long-term goal. They zone in on their goals and have the stamina to reach them.
4. Resiliency: Gritty people bounce back from setbacks and continue to bounce back until they have reached their goals. They are hardy and do not easily give up.
5. Focus on excellence: Gritty people focus on achieving excellence, not perfection. The former is a state of mind in which you continuously strive and grow to be the best that you can be. The latter is an unachievable status where better is never enough.

Decide for Yourself: Critiques of Centering Grit

Do you feel like the story of grit does not capture the full picture? You’re not alone. Many academics and others have critiqued the usefulness of centering the concept of grit in our stories of growth. Have you ever heard the phrase, “pull yourself up by your bootstraps?” It suggests that all you need to succeed is to lift yourself up, fully under your own volition. It ignores that the people, systems, and environments around you can have profound effects on your ability to accomplish empowerment. 

One concept that helps illustrate this critique of grit is another idea in the field of psychology, “learned helplessness.” It sounds like a concept used to belittle a person, but it’s actually a natural response to unpleasant stimuli that are beyond a person’s control. In the many iterations of experiments used to investigate the concept, animals were given unpleasant stimuli that one group had the ability to stop, and the other group was unable to stop or control. The second group learned to give up, because they were not able to stop painful events from affecting them. This is where the concept of “learned helplessness” originates. When a person experiences poverty, systemic racism, or any other series of negative factors beyond their control, it’s a natural and intuitive response to develop learned helplessness. Some say the concept of grit fails to capture this nuance.

Read this article and answer the questions below.

Reflective Questions

• What does grit look like in your life? Is there anything you’d like to add to Duckworth’s definition?

• What role can grit play in your student experience? What are some other traits or qualities that could be helpful to you?

• Based on what you’ve learned, what are some of the limits of grit? What are some other traits or qualities that could be helpful to you?

First Year Seminar Student Definitions of Grit

“Grit is the amount of motivation and courage someone has to push themselves out of their comfort zones so that they may attempt to develop different skills.”

Joseph. J., First Year Seminar Student, LaGuardia CC CUNY, Spring 2022

“Grit is something that motivates you to continue on doing something and persevere to do or learn something consistently.”

Kevin L., First Year Seminar Student, LaGuardia CC CUNY, Spring 2022

“Grit, to me, means the ability to persist after major setbacks. The ability to keep going until you reach the finish line. The ability to not take “NO” for an answer. Without courage you can’t have grit. Resilience, passion, purpose, practice and the most powerful of all HOPE.”

Autumn S., First Year Seminar Student, LaGuardia CC CUNY, Spring 2022

The above are all great definitions for grit, and you may have found similar definitions for yourself. However, by these definitions, grit may appear to be an intrinsic quality, something you are born with; you either have it, or you don’t. If you are left thinking that grit is an intrinsic quality, then you are not alone. You may see others completing very difficult tasks, like running a mile in under 8 minutes, or scoring high on a trigonometry test. If either the runner or the student is asked how they completed the task well, either may respond with “hard work”, and/or “determination”, which equates to grit. You may think you may never be able to accomplish what they did if you feel you don’t have grit. However, you should look deeper than grit as an inborn quality or natural talent. Instead, think of grit as a personal behavior that you can learn and develop over time, like learning good manners. Angela Duckworth recognizes that having grit and the ability to persevere, being “grittier,” is connected to having what Carol Dweck calls a “growth mindset.” In contrast, less gritty students tend to have what Carol Dweck calls a “fixed mindset.” Before we explore the two mindsets, let’s first discuss perseverance in more detail.

Perseverance

To develop grit, you must have perseverance, the ability to continue learning a task, or to get through a difficult situation, in the face of barriers, obstacles, and challenges. When you continue to do a task, after many failed attempts, until you succeed, that’s perseverance, or persistence. With persistence you develop resilience, which is one of the five characteristics of gritty people.  Your ability to recover after set-backs is a measure of your resilience. It may take you longer than others to recover in some situations, and less time for other situations, but as long as you do not give up, you are resilient. Fear of failure can hold you back from learning a new skill, so it takes courage to choose to be resilient. You must have courage to keep trying, after failed attempts, to persevere. Therefore, courage is also a characteristic of grit, which is developed via perseverance.

Perseverance also requires you to have the other three gritty characteristics: conscientiousness, commitment and focus on long-term goals, and focus on excellence.  These characteristics empower you to persevere. According to Angela Duckworth, gritty people pay attention to detail as they strive to accomplish their goals beyond the minimum requirement. Gritty people practice achieving excellence when learning a skill. They are engaged with what they are learning and see the purpose, or make a purpose, for what they do. Gritty learners will make connections between the new skill being sought and skills they already possess. They will also make connections about how they may integrate the new skill into their skillset needed to accomplish their overall objectives. For example, a pre-law student may find value in taking a science lab course because they are aware of the benefit of supporting claims with evidence at a certain confidence level, to build a better argument, and thus recognize the value in forming a hypothesis, collecting data, and drawing conclusions from that data to determine if their hypothesis is valid. Gritty learners also know that their current skill level can always be improved, so they continually work towards enhancing their skills. Your perseverance is a part of how you develop your grit.

Growth Mindset vs. Fixed Mindset

One of the main purposes of college is to develop our minds and become more complex, flexible thinkers. Our brains can be shaped, developed, and changed throughout our entire lifespans. The extent to which we can develop our minds depends on our beliefs about how our minds work. We all set our minds to believe certain things, and our beliefs help or hinder us as we move through life. Our beliefs and our ways of thinking develop into habits of mind. Numerous psychologists have researched this topic. One of the best-known researchers in this area is Dr. Carol Dweck, who has studied these habits of mind extensively, and explored the effects of fixed and growth mindsets on individuals’ learning.

When people have a fixed mindset, they generally believe they are born with a certain amount of talent and intelligence that can’t be changed or can only take them so far in life. Students with a fixed mindset might say, “I just can’t do it!” or “I’m not good at math”; “I guess college isn’t for me!” or “I’m not smart enough” because they compare themselves to others or feel that effort is futile. These students tend to focus only on results, so a low score on a test may indicate to them what they already believed: they’re not smart enough to succeed.

When you have a growth mindset, you tend to think that your intelligence can change through experience and effort, and that you can do anything you set your mind to doing. Students with a growth mindset might say, “I made a mistake, but I can learn from that and do better next time,” or “If I give myself more time and utilize resources, I can write a better essay next time.” This is because they believe that putting in effort and practice will lead to positive results and increased competence. Students with a growth mindset tend to focus on the processes of learning in each discipline, so a low paper score may indicate to them that they need to review the rubric and identify which stages of the writing process they could spend more time on to do better on the next assignment.  Take a moment to view Video 2, “Growing Your Mind,” to understand what determines your intelligence.  This video explains how your intelligence can improve over time. To improve your intelligence, you must have a grit, perseverance, and a growth mindset.

Video 2.  Growing your Mind | Khan Academy

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation

What type of mindset you have, and how you learn, depends on your motivation and how you maintain your motivation for learning. While there are many different learning styles, we can distinguish two major approaches to learning. One type of learner needs an outside stimulus to motivate their learning, or is extrinsically motivated. Extrinsic motivation is defined as a desire to engage in behavior for external reasons (Riley, 2016). This type of learner motivation is aimed at performance-based goals. Learners driven by extrinsic motivation focus on grades and rewards. Intrinsic motivation, on the other hand, is driven by the learner’s own inner experience of reward and satisfaction that comes with the process of learning, without outside rewards. When intrinsically motivated, learners tend to focus more on the satisfaction they gain through the process of learning. Instead of learning for the grade or recognition, students begin to learn because they want to (Riley, 2016), which often leads to more in-depth learning. Intrinsic learning-based goals develop from curiosity, a belief that one can learn, determination and a willingness to overcome challenges to learning. Carol Dweck identifies learners that have performance-based goals and learning-based goals, as having Fixed Mindsets and Growth Mindsets, respectively. Watch Video 3 to learn more about how to develop a growth mindset from Carol Dweck.

Video 3.  Developing a Growth Mindset | Carol Dweck

The video, Developing a Growth Mindset with Carol Dweck will open in a new window.

The Growth Mindset and Lessons About Failing

Something you may have noticed is that a growth mindset would tend to give a learner grit and persistence. If you had learning as your major goal, you would normally keep trying to attain that goal even if it took you multiple attempts. Not only that, but if you learned a little bit more with each try, you would see each attempt as a success, even if you had not achieved complete mastery of whatever it was you were working to learn. With that in mind, it should come as no surprise that Dr. Dweck found that those people who believed their abilities could change through learning (growth vs. a fixed mindset) readily accepted learning challenges and persisted despite early failures.

Improving Your Ability to Learn

As strange as it may seem, research into fixed vs. growth mindsets has shown that if you believe you can learn something new, you greatly improve your ability to learn. At first, this may seem like the sort of feel-good advice we often encounter in social media posts or quotes that are intended to inspire or motivate us (e.g., believe in yourself!), but in looking at the differences outlined between a fixed and a growth mindset, you can see how each part of the growth mindset path would increase your probability of success when it came to learning.

The table below contrasts how the fixed mindset and the growth mindset personality, attitudes, and approaches impact key elements of learning.

• The left column lists the Fixed Mindset learner’s personality, attitude, and approaches to the key elements of learning
• The middle column lists the key elements of learning
• The right column lists the Growth Mindset learner’s personality, attitude, and approaches to the key elements of learning

Table 1.  Fixed Mindset, Key Elements of Learning, & Growth Mindset

After reading through the table, do you relate to a fixed mindset or a growth mindset? If you find yourself thinking that you have a fixed mindset and wish you had a growth mindset, don’t be alarmed. Many students have fixed mindsets when entering college. Traditional educational practices have taught us to have fixed mindsets. According to Riley (2016), many mainstream educational institutions seem to rely on the use of rewards and/or incentives as a way to enhance student performance and motivation. Riley (2016) continues to state that rewards and incentives are helpful in keeping students motivated given the time constraints of the school year, even though educators understand that intrinsic motivations foster better learning. Extrinsic motivation, which many new college students were exposed to during their K-12 years, can develop fixed-mindset learners. Extrinsic motivation served a purpose and may have been justifiable given that students at the same grade level had a similar curriculum and had to complete the same basic skills in the same amount of time.  However, you are in college now.  You are able to have more autonomy and self-direct your learning. You choose your major and have many options for classes that will prepare you for graduation. Now that you are aware of the types of motivations, you can take more control of how you approach learning. You are now better adept at making adjustments to your study strategies. You understand that learning and intelligence are dynamic, that there is no limit to how much you can improve your learning.  Start thinking why you need certain skills, create purpose for your learning, connect current skills with the newly attained skills. Know you can achieve success. Use your grit, perseverance, and growth mindset to accomplish your goals.

After reviewing Table 1, you may have found that you have both fixed and growth mindsets, depending on the task or subject. Chances are you have a growth mindset for things you are good at and a fixed mindset for things that seriously challenge you.

Reflective Questions

• Think of some task you tried to learn and found too difficult to learn. Compare your attitudes and approaches to this task based on the examples of attitudes and approaches in the Fixed Mindset and Growth Mindset table below.
• Think of some task you tried to learn and found easy or wanted to learn. Compare your attitudes and approaches to this task based on the examples of attitudes and approaches the table.

Table 2. Attitude and Approaches of those with Fixed and Growth Mindsets

Reflective Questions Continued

• Did you find a difference in your attitudes and approaches for the difficult task vs. the task you found easy, or wanted, to learn?
• Did you find that you have a fixed mindset for your difficult task and a growth mindset for the task you like or find easy?
• Do you think you can change your fixed mindset to a growth mindset? How?

How can you develop a growth mindset for everything you want to learn?  Where does the intrinsic motivation come from? While intrinsic motivation arises from innate psychological needs, it needs to be maintained by the learner’s environment (Riley, 2016).

To maintain intrinsic motivation, there are three factors you need to consider:

1. Competence – you need to feel capable that you can learn, you must have experienced success in the past
2. Autonomy – you have to have choices about what you learn and direct how you learn
3. Relatedness – you need to feel connected to your learning environment, teachers, professors, classmates, resources, etc. (Riley, 2016)

Challenge yourself to identify that you have an intrinsic motivation to learn and a growth mindset for something. What are some of the things you are good at? In other words, what are you competent at?

Think of tasks that you:

• find easy to do
• do often
• enjoy doing and/or
• are necessary for you to do

If, at first, you are having trouble thinking about tasks you do very well, don’t be alarmed.  We often do many things so well that we don’t even think about doing them, or what methods we take to accomplish these practices. You probably think of these tasks as talents and may think you were just innately, or naturally, good at them. You most likely learned the task so well that you now do it automatically, without thinking. This is called learning with automaticity, which many of us do for many skills and tasks we often do. You may take it for granted that you are an excellent cook, or can make that perfect pot of rice, fold clothes well, navigate the MTA transit system well, drive a car, mix music, play a sport, dance, or sing. Any of these tasks can be looked at as talents; talents for reading a map and following directions, etc. Use the tasks just mentioned and/or the items in the Task box in Figure 6. to help you identify and brainstorm tasks you do very well.

Figure 1. Task box – Identify tasks within the box to help you identify and brainstorm things you do very well

Identify and brainstorm tasks you do well from the list below.

• Reading
• Writing
• Algebra
• Cooking a great pot of rice (not mushy, not chewy)
• DJ mixing music
• Basketball, or other sport
• Swimming
• Penmanship
• Art (singing, dancing, drawing)
• Speaking another language
• Video games
• Do it yourself home repairs using a screw driver, hammer, pliers, etc.
• Jigsaw, Sudoku, or crossword puzzles
• Push-ups, pull-ups, and other exercises

By now you should realize that you are not only good, but great, or you may even say skilled, at many things. Now, think back to when you first learned any one of these skills.

Reflective Questions

Respond to the questions below based on one of your skills you identified:

• How were you introduced to the task?
• Why did you need to, or want to, learn, or accomplish this skill?
• What was your skill level at the beginning?
• Are you better today than when you started?
• How many mistakes, or failed attempts, did you make while learning and developing this skill?
• How did you overcome your challenges of learning this skill?  What resources did you utilize to improve it?
• Do you have more than one way to complete the skill?  What are your options?
• How long have you been enhancing this skill?
• What methods did you use to better your skills and how have your methods changed over time?
• Do you feel you still can improve upon this skill?

Grit, Perseverance, and Growth Mindset Quiz

Read the questions, and answer with  either  “Yes” or “No” based on the skill you just reflected on.

Grit, Perseverance, and Growth Mindset Quiz

Quiz Evaluation

• If you answered “Yes” to most of the questions you have Grit, practiced Perseverance, and have a Growth Mindset for this skill.
• If you answered” No” to any of the questions, I challenge your “No” based on the fact that your responses are based on a skill you already possess. You may have doubted yourself and had challenges learning the skill, but you overcame your doubts and challenges to persevere and became skilled at this task.
• Reflect on the other tasks you have identified and take the quiz for those skills.  You will find that you have Grit, Perseverance, and a Growth Mindset, for the other skills too.

Hopefully, it is becoming clearer that you have skills beyond talent and  that you can develop your skills. Hopefully, your reflection led you to discover that you had to put in many hours and effort to become skilled and that your innate talent was not the only indicator of your success. You most likely found that you had many setbacks, challenges, and failures as you developed your skill. However, there were reasons you did not give up. Your motivations led you to strategize and to improve. More than likely, you felt competent enough that you could accomplish your goal, otherwise you wouldn’t have persevered beyond failed attempts. You most likely had or sought options for how you could accomplish your goal. And you probably felt a relatedness to your environment, or comfort and support in your environment, to use your resources and seek help when you needed it. The dinner you cooked may have been made “to perfection”, or you “aced” that math test, or you spin records so well that your listeners cannot tell when one song ends and the other begins. That task that you do easily is your skill. You earned the right to be called skillful because you kept developing your skill at all costs. You put in the effort and time and strived for perfection. Then, when you gained “perfection”, you challenged yourself to make it better, or feel you can do better; maybe that great dish you make gets enhanced with a different spice, or you DJ music of a different style of music you are accustomed to. Your motivation, ambition, hard work, and persistence helped you to acquire your skills. In other words, you have grit, shown perseverance, and have a growth mindset when it comes to the skills you identified.  You will discover that you can also have grit, perseverance, and a growth mindset for most of the new skills you will be challenged to learn at college, by applying the same methods and strategies you used to gain your current skills.

College is the perfect place to build your intrinsic motivations for learning and developing your growth mindset, to persevere, and show your grit.  College is where you have the most autonomy over your learning; you decide how you will progress. Most assignments require you to include your insights and ideas and independent thoughts. You will be encouraged and given many opportunities to network and be a part of the community of learners at college to build an environment in which you feel supported and safe to learn. In college there are also many resources at your disposal to help you accomplish your goals.

If you are still not convinced about changing your mind and think talent and intellectual ability are limited and determine your success, then perhaps Video 4 will help change your mindset.

Video 4. You Can Learn Anything | Khan Academy

Reflective Questions

• Why are your skills and abilities not based on your intelligence, natural ability, and/ or talent?
• Why is it problematic to believe that there is a limit to learning?
• What does it mean to say your current grades do not predict your future success?
• What is your motivation for attending college?
• What goals do you want to accomplish by the time you graduate?
• What strategies and resources do you need to sustain your motivation to achieve your goals?

Skill Box

Now challenge yourself to rename your task box to Skill Box. What skills will you fill your skill box with while at college?

Figure 2.  The Empty Skill Box.  Fill it with your newly learned skills.

Summary

In this section we discussed the difference between talent and and skill. Talents are innate and skills are learned. You are at college to develop and learn new skills. We also discussed your grit, perseverance and growth mindset and the differences between fixed mindsets and growth mindsets. Further, you learned that intrinsic motivation is how you can develop your growth mindset and the key factors to intrinsic motivation are competency, autonomy, and relatedness.  You were able to identify skills that you possess to determine that you have grit, perseverance, and a growth mindset for some skills.  You reflected on how you developed your skills and were challenged to use those strategies to develop grit, perseverance, and growth mindset for learning a skill you have a fixed mindset.  You have a growth mindset, perseverance, and grit and are able to learn new skills no matter what your current talent and intellect are.

So, remind yourself, how do YOU develop a growth mindset for everything you want to learn?  You must see the need to learn, want to learn the skill, or create a reason to learn the skill.  Determine your intrinsic motivation.  Then YOU must sustain your motivation by:

• Feeling competent:  You must genuinely feel you can learn the skill.  Reflect on your past success and integrate those strategies used to apply to the new skill.  You have to be willing to put in the time and effort to improve your learning, and be willing to humble yourself when you do not get it correct immediately so you don’t give up. You have to accept that failure is part of the learning process.
• Having autonomy: You must have choices of how you learn to experience learning on your own terms. You have to look for options for how you complete tasks and accomplish goals.
• Feeling relatedness:  You must feel connected with your learning environment, instructors, professors, classmates, and other resources to help you develop your learning.  You need to be a self-advocate and ask questions, take initiative to form study groups, seek resources that you need, ask for clarification when you need it, and offer assistance when you can.

Key Terms

• Talent
• Intelligence
• Skill
• Grit
• Perseverance
• Growth Mindset
• Fixed Mindset
• Intrinsic Motivation
• Extrinsic Motivation

Key Takeaways

• Talent is innate
• Skills can be learned
• Current skills can be further developed
• You have grit, perseverance, and a growth mindset for some skills
• You can learn how to apply your current grit, perseverance, and growth mindset to gain new skills

References, Licenses, and Attributions

Baldwin, A. (2020). 2.2 The motivated learner. In College success. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/college-success/pages/2-2-the-motivated-learner. This book, attributed to OpenStax, uses the CC BY 4.0 license. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/college-success/pages/1-introduction

Baldwin, A. (2020). 2.3 It’s all in the mindset. In College success. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/college-success/pages/2-3-its-all-in-the-mindset. This book, attributed to OpenStax, uses the CC BY 4.0 license. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/college-success/pages/1-introduction

Duckworth, A.L. (2013, May). Grit: the power of passion and perseverance [Video]. TED. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H14bBuluwB8. CC BY-NC-ND

Dweck, Carol (2014, October). Developing a growth mindset [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hiiEeMN7vbQ

Khan Academy (2014, August). Growing your mind [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WtKJrB5rOKs. CC BY-NC-SA 3.0

Khan Academy (2014, August). You can learn anything [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JC82Il2cjqA. CC BY-NC-SA 3.0

Made (2017, December 17). Housework. The Noun Project. https://thenounproject.com/icon/housework-1497319/. CC BY 4.0

Rapulo, Prashant (2019, June 9). Skill. The Noun Project. https://thenounproject.com/icon/skill-2733534/.  CC BY 4.0

Riley, G., & English, R. M. (2016). The role of self-determination theory and cognitive evaluation theory in home education. Cogent Education, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2016.1163651

Westchester Community College (n.d.). What’s Grit?. In Westchester community college first-year seminar. Retrieved August 10, 2022 from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-wcc-collegesuccess2/chapter/whats-grit-add-videos/. CC BY 4.0