75 Chapter 8. Key Terms
analytical intelligence
aligned with academic problem solving and computations
ancestral language
language spoken by our ancestors
bicultural
belonging to two cultures
bilingualism
ability to speak two languages fluently
cognition
thinking, including perception, learning, problem solving, judgment, and memory
cognitive psychology
field of psychology dedicated to studying every aspect of how people think
creative intelligence
ability to produce new products, ideas, or inventing a new, novel solution to a problem
crystallized intelligence
characterized by acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it
cultural identity
shared beliefs, norms, behaviors, and values with people of same culture
cultural intelligence
ability with which people can understand and relate to those in another culture
emotional intelligence
ability to understand emotions and motivations in yourself and others
eugenics
scientifically erroneous and immoral theory designed to manipulate gene pool, centered on incorrect belief that racial differences in intelligence were genetic
executive function
mental processes that enable us to plan, focus attention, remember, and juggle multiple tasks
fluid intelligence
ability to see complex relationships and solve problems
grammar
set of rules that are used to convey meaning through the use of a lexicon
heritage language
minority language (either immigrant or indigenous) learned by its speakers at home as children
intelligence quotient
(also, IQ) score on a test designed to measure intelligence
intercultural sensitivity
understanding and appreciation of cross-cultural differences
language
communication system that involves using words to transmit information from one individual to another
lexicon
the words of a given language
linguistic racism
acts of racism are perpetuated against individuals on the basis of their language use.
metaphorical meaning
something used symbolically to represent something else, e.g., a color may mean something other than an actual color
monolingual
person who speaks only one language
morpheme
smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning
Multiple Intelligences Theory
Gardner’s theory that each person possesses at least eight types of intelligence
multilingualism
ability to speak two or more languages fluently
norming
administering a test to a large population so data can be collected to reference the normal scores for a population and its groups
phoneme
basic sound unit of a given language
practical intelligence
aka “street smarts”
pragmatic language
use of appropriate communication in social situations
problem-solving strategy
method for solving problems
redlining
discriminatory practice that designates certain geographic areas as high risk (based on race/ethnicity); residents are denied services such as mortgages, insurance loans, and other financial services
representative sample
subset of the population that accurately represents the general population
semantics
process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words
standard deviation
measure of variability that describes the difference between a set of scores and their mean
standardization
method of testing in which administration, scoring, and interpretation of results are consistent
stereotype threat
when people internalize negative stereotypes about themselves, which then negatively affects their performance
syntax
manner by which words are organized into sentences
Triarchic theory of intelligence
Sternberg’s theory of intelligence; three facets of intelligence: practical, creative, and analytical
White supremacy
belief that white people are superior to other races and should therefore dominate society, justifying the oppression of other racial and ethnic groups.
